Muslim empires

Timeline: Muslim empires

Years: 634 - 1922	Subject: History, Regional and National History
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191737633

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BCE CE

Year	Event
634	Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert Go to Arabs in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Religion Islam Migration Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Society Empires
637	The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty Go to Sassanian Period in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Politics Conquest and colonization Mesopotamia Asia Central Asia Iran (Persia) West Asia Iraq Empires
638	The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control Go to Jerusalem in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
642	The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt Go to Alexandria in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Alexandria Africa North Africa Egypt Empires
644	After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph Go to Othman (574–656) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia West Asia Empires
656	Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra Go to Camel, Battle of the in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Battles Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
661	Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty Go to Umayyad Caliphate in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
670	The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa Go to Corvey in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa North Africa Empires With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate Go to Damascus in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
674	A Muslim fleet attacking Constantinople is deterred by the first known use of the Byzantine secret recipe for 'Greek fire' Go to Greek fire in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Weapons Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
691	The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem Go to Qubbat al-Sakhra in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Architecture Religion Islam Jerusalem Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Empires
c. 700	Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam Go to armies, Islamic in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Asia West Asia Empires
711	Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo Go to Toledo in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Africa North Africa Europe Spain Empires
718	Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias Go to Asturias (Philippines, Spain) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Conquest and colonization Migration Europe Spain Society Empires
732	The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours Go to Poitiers in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Battles Europe France Empires
750	The Abbasids massacre the Umayyads in Damascus and establish a new caliphate Go to Abbasids in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Empires
751	A battle at the Talas river, between the Chinese and the Arabs, is a decisive victory for the Arabs Go to Zhambyl in The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Conquest and colonization Asia Central Asia Empires
756	Abd-ar-Rahman, escaping from the massacre of his family in Syria, establishes a new Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba Go to Cordoba in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Europe Spain Empires
762	The Abbasid caliphs create Baghdad as a new capital city on the Tigris Go to Tigris in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Empires
c. 1285	Osman inherits the leadership of the tribal group later known by a version of his name, as the Ottoman Turks Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 13th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1354	Gallipoli is taken by the Ottoman Turks, giving them their first foothold in Europe Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Migration Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Society Empires
1389	Victory at Kosovo gives the Ottoman Turks control over Serbia, which becomes a vassal state Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Battles Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1393	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid I brings the Slav kingdom of Bulgaria under his control Go to Bulgaria in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1402	The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year Go to Tamerlane (1336–1405) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1443	Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
c. 1450	Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries Go to Janissaries in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
1453	The Turks terrify Constantinople by lobbing vast stones at the city from a 19-ton bombard of cast iron Go to Istanbul in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century War Weapons Turks Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks Go to Constantine XI Palaiologos (12 Mar. 1449–29 May 1453) in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires
1460	The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Turks Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires
1462	Mehmed II, conqueror of Constantinople, begins to build Topkapi Sarayi as his palace Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Architecture Politics Dynasties and royalty Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1464	Mehmed II and the Ottoman Turks conquer Bosnia, where a large number of noble families convert to Islam Go to Mehmed II (1430–81) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1468	Skanderbeg dies and Albania becomes fully absorbed into the Ottoman empire Go to Afonso V (1432–81) in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Conquest and colonization Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
c. 1480	The name of Constantinople changes to Istanbul, a word based on the everyday Greek name for the city Go to Istanbul (Turkey) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire 15th century Social and domestic Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Society Empires
1492	Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain Go to Istanbul (Turkey) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Religion Islam Judaism Turks Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1504	Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire Go to Mughal Empire in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Asia Central Asia Afghanistan Empires
1517	The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east Go to Selim I (c. 1470–1520) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Turks Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Empires From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate Go to Ottoman empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Caliphs Politics Dynasties and royalty Turks Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Europe Empires
1521	The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade Go to Suleiman I (1494–1566) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1526	In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1527	Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1530	The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun Go to Babur (1483–1530) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1541	Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary Go to Suleiman I (c. 1494–1566) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Turks Ottoman empire Europe Hungary Empires
1543	Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India Go to Humayun (1508–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1547	Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I Go to Suleiman I (c. 1494–1566) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Habsburgs Politics Turks Ottoman empire Europe Austria Hungary Empires
1555	Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne Go to Humayun (1508–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1556	Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen Go to Akbar (b. 1542) in A Dictionary of Hinduism (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1557	Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul Go to Sinan Abdul Menan (1588) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Architecture Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1571	Akbar builds his new palace of Fatehpur Sikri close to the shrine of a Sufi saint Go to Fatehpur Sīkri (Uttar Pradesh/India) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Architecture Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto Go to Lepanto, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Renaissance 16th century Italian Renaissance War Battles Turks Venice Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Italy Spain Empires
1573	The tomb in Delhi of the Mughal emperor Humayun introduces the shape of dome which characterizes his dynasty's architecture Go to Humayun (1508–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Architecture Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1574	The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates Go to Ottoman Empire in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Turks Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Empires
1605	On the death of Akbar, his son Jahangir succeeds to the Mughal throne Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1609	The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia Go to Hagia Sofia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Architecture Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires
1615	Sir Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador to India, arrives at the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Europe Empires The Mughal school of painting reaches a peak of perfection in the reign of Jahangir Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Arts Painting Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1632	Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Persecution and repression Religion Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires Shah Jahan begins building the Taj Mahal as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal Go to Taj Mahal in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Architecture Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1646	A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire Go to Maratha in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dynasties and royalty War Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1658	For the final years of his life Shah Jahan is held a prisoner, by his son Aurangzeb, in Agra's Red Fort Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1673	The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb begins building the great Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Go to Aurangzeb Sixth emperor of Mughal India (1658–1707) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Architecture Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Pakistan Empires
1707	The death of Aurangzeb introduces the long period of decline of the Mughal empire Go to Aurangzeb Sixth emperor of Mughal India (1658–1707) in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Empires
1739	The Persian ruler Nadir Shah enters Delhi and removes much of the accumulated treasure of the Mughal empire Go to Nadir Shah (1688–1747) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century War Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) India (republic) Empires
1757	Robert Clive defeats the nawab of Bengal at the battle of Plassey, and places his own man on the throne Go to Clive, Robert (1725–74) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Conquest and colonization War British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1774	In the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, ending the recent Russo-Turkish war, the Ottoman empire cedes the Crimea to Russia Go to Russo-Ottoman Wars in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Crimean War Politics War Turks European empires from 1415 Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions The treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji grants Russia special rights in relation to the Christian Holy Places under Ottoman control Go to Russo-Ottoman Wars in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Crimean War Politics Religion Christianity War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1806	Karageorge captures Belgrade and wins a limited independence for Serbia within the Ottoman empire Go to Belgrade (Serbia, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1820	The Eastern Question, concerning Turkey's ability to control its vast empire, becomes a persistent nineteenth-century theme Go to Eastern Question in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions
1821	An uprising in Greece against Turkish rule is followed by the massacre of several thousand Muslims Go to Greek War of Independence (1821–32) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Turks Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1827	Britain, France and Russia, supporting Greek independence, defeat the Turkish and Egyptian fleets at Navarino Go to Navarino, Battle of in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Battles Turks Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1840	Muhammad Ali, officially viceroy for the Turkish sultan, establishes his own ruling dynasty on the throne of Egypt Go to Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Turks Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Egypt Empires
1841	The Straits Convention, agreed between the European powers and Turkey, is a concerted attempt to prop up the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions
1844	The Russian tsar, Nicholas I, calls Turkey 'the sick man of Europe' Go to Nicholas I (1796–1855) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics War Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1852	France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman empire Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Religion Christianity War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions Russia insists that her exclusive rights over the Holy Places are enshrined in the treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Religion Christianity War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1853	In a worsening diplomatic crisis, Russia puts her Black Sea fleet in a state of alert at Sebastopol Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions France and Britain despatch their fleets to the Dardanelles, in readiness to go through the Straits to the Black Sea Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars and Revolutions Russia occupies two Ottoman principalities, Moldavia and Wallachia, on the west coast of the Black Sea Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Politics Conquest and colonization War Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires Wars and Revolutions In the expectation of British and French support, the Ottoman sultan declares war on Russia - launching the Crimean War Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War Turks British empire Ottoman empire British prime ministers - from 1830 Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions
1854	British and French warships move up through the Straits and enter the Black Sea in support of Turkey Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars and Revolutions British and French troops land at Sebastopol, to besiege the port, and win a limited victory over the Russians at the river Alma Go to Crimean War (1853–56) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War Battles Ottoman empire Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1855	After a siege of nearly a year the Russians abandon Sebastopol, but the Turkish alliance is too exhausted to pursue the conflict Go to Sebastopol in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1856	The treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War, limiting Russia's special powers in relation to Turkey Go to Paris, treaty of (1856) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Crimean War Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire Ottoman empire British prime ministers - from 1830 Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Wars and Revolutions Britain
1857	Animal fat on a new issue of cartridges sparks off the Indian Mutiny, also know as the First War of Indian Independence Go to Indian Mutiny (1857–58) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1858	The end of the Indian Mutiny is followed by brutal British retaliation Go to Indian Mutiny (1857–58) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires The India Act places India under the direct control of the British government, ending the rule of the East India Company Go to India Acts in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Britain 1750-1900 Politics Conquest and colonization Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British empire European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires Britain The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon, in Burma Go to Mogul Empire (1526–1857) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Victorian era Politics Dynasties and royalty European empires from 1415 Mughal empire Asia South Asia India (the subcontinent) Europe Empires
1885	A secret revolutionary group (Union and Progress, later known as the Young Turks) is formed in Salonika in the Ottoman empire Go to Young Turks in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Turks Ottoman empire Europe Greece Empires
1908	The Young Turks of Salonika organize a successful uprising against the autocracy of the Ottoman sultan Go to Young Turks in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria declares his country's independence from Ottoman rule and calls himself Tsar Ferdinand I Go to Ferdinand (1861–1948) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires
1912	A national uprising against Turkish rule in Albania launches a full-scale Balkan war Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Turks Ottoman empire Europe Empires Turkey, beset by troubles elsewhere, cedes to Italy her north African province of Libya Go to Libya in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Ottoman empire Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Italy Empires An Albanian uprising against the Ottoman empire is so successful that the Albanians are able to capture Skopje in Macedonia Go to Macedonia, Republic of in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Turks Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Greece Empires By a prearranged plan Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia together launch the First Balkan War against Turkey Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Turks Ottoman empire Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900 An armistice agreed between the Ottoman empire and three of the Balkan states ends the war in the Balkans Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900
1913	Bulgaria launches the Second Balkan War, in the end to the great detriment of Bulgarian interests Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Ottoman empire Europe Empires Wars since 1900 The Balkan states and the Ottoman empire agree an armistice in Bucharest, ending the Second Balkan War Go to Balkan Wars (1912–13) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900 A coup led by Enver Pasha brings the Young Turks to power in Istanbul Go to Enver Pasha (1881–1922) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires
1914	August 2 - Germany and the Ottoman empire sign a secret treaty of alliance Go to World War I (1914–18) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Politics War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Germany Empires Wars since 1900 October 29 - Turkey, launching an attack on Russian ports in the Black Sea, enters the war on the German side Go to Turkey in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars since 1900 November 2 - Russia declares war on the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Russia Empires Wars since 1900 November 5 - Britain and France declare war on the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Turks Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe France Empires Wars since 1900 Britain
1916	June 5 - Sharif Hussein, the emir of Mecca, proclaims himself the leader of the Muslim world, thus launching an Arab revolt against the Ottoman empire Go to Hussein, ibn Ali (1856–1931) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century Religion Islam War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Empires Wars since 1900
1918	October 30 - an armistice is signed between Turkey and the Allies on the warship Agamemnon in the Greek port of Mudros Go to Turkey in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires Wars since 1900
1920	August - a punitive peace treaty, negotiated at Sèvres, is designed to dismember the Ottoman empire Go to Ottoman Empire in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics War Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe France Empires Wars since 1900 August 10 - the sultan of Turkey signs the Treaty of Sèvres with the Allies but it is rejected by the new nationalist government Go to Sèvres, Treaty of (10 Aug. 1920) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics War Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Empires Wars since 1900
1922	The nationalist government in Turkey abolishes the sultanate and the last Ottoman emperor, Mehmed VI, goes into exile Go to Turkey in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Politics Turks Ottoman empire Asia West Asia Turkey Europe Empires

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date: 19 January 2021

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