South America: 15,000 to 10,000 years ago - 2010

Timeline: South America

Years: 15,000 to 10,000 years ago - 2010	Subject: Encyclopedias, Geographical reference
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191736797

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BCE CE

Year	Event
15,000 to 10,000 years ago	Hunter-gatherers gradually extend their territory far into South America Go to Guitarrero Cave, Peru in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory American Indians
c. 8000 BCE	As temperatures warm, the sea level rises, submerging the Bering land bridge and isolating the Siberian immigrants as the aboriginal Americans Go to Bering land bridge in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic American Indians North America Canada United States
c. 3000 BCE	The llama and the alpaca, two south American members of the camel family, are domesticated Go to llama in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Social and domestic Society Latin America Peru Complex societies, with sophisticated temple architecture, develop at sites such as Aspero and Caral in the Norte Chico region of Peru Go to Aspero, Peru in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America Peru
c. 2500 BCE	At Huaca Prieta, the earliest known farming community in South America, squash, gourds and chili are cultivated Go to Saladoid Culture in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Social and domestic Society Latin America Peru The inhabitants of Huaca Prieta grow cotton, from which they weave a coarse cloth Go to cotton in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Neolithic 3100-1000 BCE
c. 2000 BCE	Medicine men in Peru practise trephination, cutting holes in the skulls of brave or foolhardy patients Go to Disease in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Andean Civilizations Science Medicine Latin America Peru
c. 900 BCE	Chávin de Huántar becomes the centre of the first civilization of south America Go to Chavín culture in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America Peru
c. 300 BCE - CE 100	The people of Paracas, a coastal region of central Peru, create extremely sophisticated fabrics of woven cotton or vicuña wool Go to Paracas Culture in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE 3rd century BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Latin America Central America Peru
c. 200 BCE	The earth drawings of the Nazca people, known now as the Nazca Lines, are some of the largest works of art ever created See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Architecture American architecture Religion Latin America Peru The Mochica develop a civilization, in the north of modern Peru, known for its realistic pottery sculpture Go to Mochica in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century BCE 2nd century BCE Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Arts Decorative arts Latin America Peru
c. 200	The potato is cultivated in the Peruvian Andes Go to potato in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century 3rd century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Social and domestic Society Latin America Peru
c. 500	The city of Tiwanaku develops to the south of Lake Titicaca, and soon dominates the surrounding region Go to Tiahuanaco, Bolivia in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Politics Conquest and colonization Latin America
c. 700	The quipu is used in the Wari culture and becomes the standard recording device of the Andean civilizations Go to quipu in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century 8th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Commerce and industry Society Latin America Peru
c. 800	Batán Grande, in northern Peru, becomes a great pilgrimage centre in the Sican culture Go to Peru in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 8th century 9th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Religion Latin America Peru
c. 900	Chan Chan, today the largest of the ruined Andean cities, dominates the entire length of Peru Go to Chan Chan in The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 9th century 10th century Civilizations of Peru Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru
c. 1000	The Inca ethnic group migrates into the region of the Cuzco valley in Peru Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century 11th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Migration Society Latin America Peru
c. 1150	The Aztecs begin to move south from their original home, which they call Aztlan, somewhere in northern Mexico Go to Aztec in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 12th century Mesoamerican civilization Migration Society Latin America Central America Mexico
1438	After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty War Latin America Peru
c. 1440	Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru
c. 1450	The massive architecture of the Incas, consisting of finely dressed irregular blocks of stone, becomes a feature of Cuzco Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Architecture American architecture Latin America Peru The most sacred of the Inca divinities, Punchao, is symbolized by a great golden disc representing the sun Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Religion Latin America Peru
1463	The Chimu empire in Peru is conquered by the Incas under the leadership of Pachacuti's son Topa Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization Dynasties and royalty War Latin America Peru
1471	Topa succeeds his father, Pachacuti, as emperor of the Incas Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru
1487	The Inca empire is extended to the north and a second capital is established at Quito Go to Quito (Ecuador) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization Latin America Peru
1493	On Topa's death his son Huayna Capac succeeds to the throne as Inca emperor Go to Topa Inca (1493) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru
1494	In negotiations about the New World at Tordesillas, the king of Portugal insists on a new demarcation line which later brings him Brazil Go to Tordesillas, Treaty of (7 June 1494) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century Politics European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Europe Portugal Empires Latin America Brazil
c. 1500	Even the remote city of Machu Picchu, on its peak above the jungle, is built in the massively precise Inca style of masonry Go to Machu Picchu, Peru in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Architecture American architecture Latin America Peru The female mamakuna and the male yanakuna are selected in childhood to serve the Inca state Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Latin America Peru Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral, with a fleet of thirteen ships, makes landfall in Brazil Go to Cabral, Pedro Álvares (1467–1520) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Exploration Portuguese empire Society Empires Latin America Brazil The Inca empire has about 25,000 miles of well-serviced roads, designed for caravans of llamas Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society Latin America Peru In Cuzco's great temple, the sacrifices are usually of llamas, occasionally of humans Go to Inca in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 15th century 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Religion Latin America Peru
1501	Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci sets sail from Lisbon to explore to the south of the New World Go to Vespucci, Amerigo (1454–1512) in The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Exploration Europe Portugal Society Latin America
1525	The Inca emperor, Huayna Capac, dies in an epidemic of a western disease, smallpox Go to smallpox in Concise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru Ruling respectively from Cuzco and Quito, Huáscar and Atahualpa compete for the empire of their father, Huayna Capac Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru
1530	Francisco Pizarro sails from Panama to attempt the conquest of Peru Go to Pizarro, Francisco (c. 1478–1541) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America Peru Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Peru
1531	Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1532	Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive Go to Pizarro, Francisco (1471–1541) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1533	Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian Go to Atahualpa (1533) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1536	Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1537	With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru Go to Peru (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Civilizations of Peru Incas Andean Civilizations Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1542	New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America Go to encomiendas in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Central America
1545	Rich seams of silver are discovered at Potosi, in modern Bolivia Go to Potosí in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1548	La Paz is founded on the trade route between Lima and the newly discovered silver mines at Potosi Go to La Paz (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Philippines, Uruguay, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Society Empires Latin America
1549	Brazil becomes a Portuguese royal province, under the control of a governor general Go to Brazil (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital Go to Bahia (Brazil) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Portuguese empire Europe Empires Latin America Brazil
1579	Francis Drake seizes a Spanish vessel laden with gold and silver in the Pacific, formerly a safe area for Spain Go to Drake, Sir Francis in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 16th century Commerce and industry European empires from 1415 Europe Society Empires Latin America
c. 1630	Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America Go to Guiana in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire Dutch empire European empires from 1415 French empire Europe Empires Latin America
1667	In the treaty of Breda, England keeps New Amsterdam and New Netherland, and Holland keeps the English-held territory of Surinam Go to Anglo‐Dutch Wars in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization British colonial America Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America North America United States
1690	John Strong, landing on some remote Atlantic islands, names them after Viscount Falkland, treasurer of the British navy Go to Falkland Islands in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America
1693	Gold is found in Brazil, launching the first great American gold rush Go to Brazil (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 17th century Commerce and industry Society Latin America Brazil
1740	Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador become the Spanish viceroyalty of New Granada, with Bogota as the capital Go to New Granada in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1746	An earthquake destroys much of Lima, and an ensuing tidal wave engulfs its port at Callao Go to Lima in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Social and domestic Society Latin America Peru
1759	The Portuguese expel the Jesuits from Brazil, beginning a widespread reaction against the order in Catholic Europe Go to Jesuits in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Religion Christianity Monasticism Europe Portugal Latin America Brazil
1763	The capital of the Portuguese colony of Brazil is moved from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro Go to Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil
1764	A French expedition from St Malo, founding a colony on East Falkland, name the islands Les îsles Malouines Go to Falkland Islands in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 French empire Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America
1774	The Spanish, now in sole occupation of the Falkland Islands, call them Las Islas Malvinas Go to Falkland Islands in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America
1776	Buenos Aires rather than Asunción is chosen to be capital of the new Spanish viceroyalty of La Plata Go to Buenos Aires (Argentina) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina
1778	The British adopt a new policy in the south, landing in Georgia and capturing much of South Carolina Go to American Revolution in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century American Revolution American Revolutionary War War Wars and Revolutions Latin America North America United States
1780	An Indian uprising in Spanish Peru is led by a descendant of the Incas, Tupac Amaru II Go to Inca noun in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Incas Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1788	Tiradentes (the 'puller of teeth') leads the first rebellion against Portuguese rule in Brazil Go to Brazil (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Protest and rebellion Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil
1792	The Brazilian rebel Tiradentes is beheaded in public in Rio de Janeiro as a warning to would-be revolutionaries Go to Brazil in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Politics Protest and rebellion Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil
1806	The Creole militia of Buenos Aires drive out an English force which has captured the city Go to Beresford, Gen William Carr (1764–1854) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization Latin America Brazil
1807	The Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil on the approach of a French army led by Jean-Andoche Junot Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Napoleonic Wars 19th century Napoleonic era Politics Dynasties and royalty War Europe Portugal Wars and Revolutions Latin America Brazil
1808	The Portuguese royal family and their entourage arrive in Rio de Janeiro Go to John VI (1769–1826) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America
1809	With acts of defiance in Sucre, Bolivia becomes the first American province to rebel against the Spanish authorities Go to Bolivia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1810	Simón Bolívar, a young officer in Caracas, takes part in a coup which wins control of Venezuela from the Spanish Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America After a public meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentinians set up an autonomous local government in opposition to Spanish forces Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina Brazil José Gervasio Artigas lays siege to the Spanish forces in Montevideo, beginning Uruguay's long struggle for independence Go to Artigas, José Gervasio (1764–1850) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America The citizens of Bogotá expel the local Spanish officials and declare their loyalty to the deposed Ferdinand VII Go to Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Chile begins four years of untroubled independence, ruled by a junta introducing liberal reforms Go to Chile in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire China Europe Empires Latin America Chile
1811	The citizens of Bogotá declare the independence of the province of Colombia See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America The colonists of Paraguay throw out their Spanish governor and declare independence Go to Paraguay in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1812	The Spanish authorities recover control of Venezuela, ending the region's first brief spell of independence Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1813	Simon Bolívar publishes the Manisfesto de Cartagena, calling on the citizens of New Granada to unite and expel the Spaniards Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Bolívar defeats the Spanish forces in Venezuela and is welcomed in Caracas as the Liberator Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1814	José San Martín becomes commander of the patriot army of Argentina, replacing Manuel Belgrano Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina Francia becomes dictator of Paraguay and for the next 26 years seals his nation off from the rest of the world Go to Francia, José Gaspar Rodriguez de (1776–1840) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Spanish empire Empires Latin America The Spanish recapture Caracas, after which Bolívar moves southwest to advance on Bogotá, now held again by the Spanish Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Spanish forces at Rancagua defeat a Chilean army commanded by Bernardo O'Higgins, who escapes across the Andes into Argentina Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo (1778–1842) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire China Europe Empires Latin America Chile Bolívar recaptures Bogotá from the recently returned Spanish troops Go to Bolívar, Simón in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1815	Brazil is given equal standing with Portugal, forming together the Kingdom of Portugal and Brazil Go to Brazil (and USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil The Spanish recover Bogotá yet again and Bolívar flees into exile in Jamaica Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Caribbean
1816	The independence of Argentina is formally proclaimed, dropping any pretence of remaining loyal to the Spanish king Go to Spanish–South American Wars of Independence (1810–25) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Argentina
1817	San Martín and O'Higgins lead an army through the Andes into Chile and capture Santiago Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire China Europe Empires Latin America Chile O'Higgins is elected the 'supreme director' of independent Chile after San Martín declines the post Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo (1778–1842) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire China Europe Empires Latin America Chile Bolívar returns to Venezuela and builds up an army of liberation in a remote region up the Orinoco Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Bernardo O'Higgins introduces liberal reforms in Chile, reducing the privileges of aristocracy and church Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo in Oxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 China Europe Empires Latin America Chile
1818	Thomas Cochrane arrives in Valparaiso to take command of the Chilean navy Go to Cochrane, Thomas, 10th earl of Dundonald (1775–1860) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 China Europe Empires Latin America Chile
1819	Bolívar marches his army across the Andes, captures Bogotá and proclaims the republic of Gran Colombia Go to Colombia in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1820	The newly independent republic of Argentina takes possession of Las Islas Malvinas (the Falklands) Go to Falkland Islands in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America Argentina
1821	The 22-year-old Portuguese prince, Dom Pedro, is made regent of Brazil Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil San Martín enters Lima and proclaims Peruvian independence with himself as 'Protector' Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru Bolívar defeats the Spanish at Carabobo and liberates, for the second time, his native city of Caracas Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America
1822	After defeating the Spanish at Pichincha, Antonio José de Sucre enters Quito and liberates Ecuador Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America The two liberators, Bolívar and San Martín, meet in Guayaquil for a conference Go to Guayaquil (Ecuador) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America After failing to agree with Bolívar at Guayaquil, San Martín resigns his post as Protector of Peru Go to San Martín, José de (1778–1850) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru The Portuguese regent, Dom Pedro, proclaims the independence of Brazil and three months later is crowned emperor, as Pedro I Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Portuguese empire Empires Latin America Brazil
1823	Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's first liberal reformer, is so unpopular that he has to resign Go to O'Higgins, Bernardo (1778–1842) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics European empires from 1415 China Europe Empires Latin America Chile Bolívar arrives in Lima to be granted command of the army and dictatorial powers in the republic of Peru Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1824	After the surrender of the Spanish army to Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho, Peru is finally liberated Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru
1825	With a victory at Tumusla Antonio José de Sucre liberates Upper Peru (the future Bolivia), the last Spanish stronghold in continental America Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War European empires from 1415 Spanish empire Europe Empires Latin America Peru Juan Antonio Lavalleja leads a band of Thirty-three Immortals in Uruguay's fight for independence from Brazil Go to Lavalleja (Uruguay) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion War Latin America Brazil Upper Peru declares independence as the republic of Bolivia, in honour of Simón Bolívar Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Spanish empire Empires Latin America Peru
1826	Pedro I, emperor of Brazil, inherits the throne of Portugal (as Pedro IV) but continues to rule from Brazil Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Europe Portugal Latin America Brazil
1827	Lavalleja defeats a Brazilian army at Ituzaingó, in the decisive battle for Uruguayan independence Go to Lavalleja (Uruguay) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America Brazil
1828	Conservative 'bigwigs' and liberal 'novices' emerge as Chile's two main political parties Go to Chile in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Democracy and dissent China Latin America Chile The independence of Uruguay is agreed in the Treaty of Montevideo between Brazil and Argentina Go to Uruguay in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil
1830	Bolívar resigns as president of Gran Colombia shortly before dying of tuberculosis Go to Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Sucre is assassinated on his journey home to Quito from a congress in Bogotá Go to Sucre, Antonio José de (1795–1830) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Latin America Diego Portales begins a 30-year spell as Chile's conservative dictator Go to Chile in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics China Latin America Chile Panama becomes part of the newly independent republic of Colombia Go to Panama (and Sri Lanka, USA) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America
1831	Pedro I abdicates in Brazil and returns to Europe to recover his Portuguese throne (as Pedro IV) Go to Pedro I (1798–1834) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Brazil
1833	Britain ejects the Argentinians from the Falklands and begins the process of settlement with British farmers Go to Falkland Islands in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America
1835	Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes dictator of Argentina and imposes a brutally repressive conservative regime Go to Rosas, Juan Manuel de (1793–1877) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1838	Civil war breaks out in Uruguay between the Reds and the Whites, followers respectively of Rivera and Oribe Go to Rosas, Juan Manuel de (1793–1877) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Latin America
1850	Brazil, historically the world's second largest importer of slaves from Africa, finally bans the slave trade Go to slave trade, abolition of in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Slavery Society Latin America Brazil
1852	In an Argentinian civil war, Urquiza defeats the dictator Rosas and is subsequently elected president (in 1854) Go to Rosas, Juan Manuel de (1793–1877) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics War Latin America Argentina
1861	At Pavón the provincial troops of Buenos Aires defeat the Argentinian national army, emphatically demonstrating the power of their city Go to Buenos Aires in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Latin America Argentina Brazil
1864	Grant moves south in a hard-fought campaign to pin down Lee's Confederate army at Petersburg, near Richmond Go to Wilderness to Petersburg Campaign in The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War American civil war Wars and Revolutions North America United States
1865	The Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López starts a war against Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay which eventually kills more than half his population Go to Paraguayan War (1864–70) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Latin America Argentina Brazil
1866	The Argentine Rural Society is founded as the exclusive preserve of Argentina's oligarchy Go to Argentina in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1880	Buenos Aires is finally accepted as the permanent capital city of Argentina Go to Buenos Aires (Argentina) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Argentina Brazil
1884	The War of the Pacific brings Chile new mineral wealth at the expense of Bolivia and Peru Go to War of the Pacific in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War China Latin America Chile Peru
1888	The emperor Pedro II frees all the remaining slaves in Brazil without compensating their owners Go to Pedro II (1812–91) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Slavery Society Latin America Brazil
1889	The first conference of American nations, in Washington, D.C., launches the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics (later called the Pan-American Union) Go to Pan American Union. in The Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Commerce and industry Society Latin America Central America North America United States A coup removes emperor Pedro II from his throne in Brazil, putting in his place a military dictatorship Go to Pedro II (1812–91) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Latin America Brazil
1891	Civil war breaks out in Chile between supporters of a liberal president and a hostile congress Go to Balmaceda, José Manuel (1840–91) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War China Latin America Chile
1894	Brazil's first civilian president, Prudente de Morais, is peacefully elected, setting the pattern for the next four decades Go to Presidente Prudente (São Paulo/Brazil) in The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Politics Latin America Brazil
1899	The War of a Thousand Days begins in Colombia, causing eventually 100,000 deaths Go to Colombia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century War Latin America
c. 1900	Rubber brings prosperity to Manaus, thousands of miles up the Amazon Go to rubber tree in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century 1900s 20th century Commerce and industry Society Latin America
1902	Venezuela defaults on European interest payments and is soon threatened by British, German and Italian warships Go to Drago doctrine in A Dictionary of Law (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Commerce and industry War Society Latin America
1903	José Batlle is elected president of Uruguay and proves to be a visionary politician Go to Batlle y Ordóñez, José (21 May 1856) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Latin America
1904	Joseph Conrad publishes his novel Nostromo, about a revolution in South America and a fatal horde of silver Go to Nostromo in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Edwardian era 1900s 20th century Literature English literature Literature in English Fiction War Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Europe Britain Latin America
1906	The Great Valparaiso Earthquake damages much of central Chile and is felt from Peru to Buenos Aires Go to Valparaíso in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Social and domestic China Society Latin America Brazil Central America Chile Peru
1908	Augusto Leguía begins a long spell as the strong man of Peruvian politics Go to Leguía, Augusto Bernardino (1863–1932) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Politics Latin America Peru Coffee replaces sugar as Brazil's main crop, accounting for more than 50% of exports in 1908 Go to cash crop in A Dictionary of Business and Management (5 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1900s 20th century Commerce and industry Society Latin America Brazil
c. 1911	The lost Inca city of Machu Picchu is reached by US archaeologist Hiram Bingham Go to Bingham, Hiram (1875–1956) in The Oxford Companion to World Exploration (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Exploration Society Latin America Peru
1912	Electoral reform is introduced in Argentina, with universal male suffrage and a secret ballot Go to Argentina in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Latin America Argentina
1913	An underground railway opens in Buenos Aires, the first subway in Latin America Go to Buenos Aires in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Social and domestic Travel and transport Technology Engineering Society Latin America Argentina Brazil
1914	The Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral makes her name with her first collection, Sonetos de la muerte Go to Mistral, Gabriela (1889–1957) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Literature American literature Poetry China Latin America Chile Royal-Dutch Shell begins to pump oil in Venezuela, launching the country as a major oil producer Go to Venezuela in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Commerce and industry Society Latin America November 1 - Maximilian von Spee sinks two British cruisers off Coronel, on the Pacific coast of south America Go to Coronel, battle of (1914) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Wars since 1900 Latin America December 7 - Maximilian von Spee's squadron of cruisers is sunk by the British off the Falkland Islands Go to Falklands, battle of the (1914) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Falkland Islands Wars since 1900 Latin America
1916	The election of Hipolito Irigoyen as president begins sixteen years of radical government in Argentina Go to Irigoyen, Hipólito (1850–1933) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina After an 800-mile journey in an open boat Ernest Shackleton returns to rescue his stranded colleagues in the South Shetlands Go to Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry (1874–1922) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Exploration Society Latin America
1920	A Chilean poet, Ricardo Reyes, adopts the pen name Pablo Neruda Go to Neruda, Pablo (1904–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century China Latin America Chile
1923	Argentinian author Jorge Luis Borges publishes his first collection of poems, Fervor de Buenos Aires ('Fervour of Buenos Aires') Go to Borges, Jorge Luis (1899–1986) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Literature American literature Poetry Latin America Argentina Brazil
1924	20-year-old Chilean poet Pablo Neruda publishes one of his best-known collections, Twenty Love Poems Go to Neruda, Pablo (1904–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Literature American literature Poetry China Latin America Chile
1930	A military coup removes Hipolito Irigoyen from the presidency in Argentina Go to Irigoyen, Hipólito (1850–1933) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America Argentina Getúlio Vargas begins a 24-year personal rule in Brazil Go to Vargas, Getúlio Dornelles (1883–1954) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Latin America Brazil Heitor Villa-Lobos composes the first of his Bachianas Brasileiras Go to Villa-Lobos, Heitor (1887–1959) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Performing arts Music Latin America
1932	The Chaco War breaks out between Bolivia and Paraguay, in dispute over the swampy plain known as the Gran Chaco Go to Chaco War (1932–35) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century War Latin America
1933	Pablo Neruda increases his international reputation with a collection of surrealist poems, Residencia en la tierra ('Residence on earth') Go to Neruda, Pablo (1904–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Literature American literature Poetry China Latin America Chile
1935	A truce ends armed hostilities in the three-year Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay Go to Chaco War (1932–35) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century War Latin America Argentinian author Jorge Luis Borges publishes A Universal History of Infamy, one of the first examples of magic realism Go to magic realism in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Literature American literature Fiction Latin America Argentina
1936	The Febreristas, a newly formed left-wing group, seize power in Paraguay Go to Paraguay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America
1938	The peace of Buenos Aires, ending the Chaco War, gives Paraguay most of the region under dispute with Bolivia Go to Chaco War (1932–35) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century War Latin America Brazil
1939	December 13 - the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee is scuttled after a battle with Allied ships near the river Plate Go to Plate, Battle of the River (13 December 1939) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s Second World War 20th century War Battles Wars since 1900 Latin America Argentina
1940	The Conservative Colorados recover power in Paraguay and reimpose military rule Go to Paraguay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Latin America
1943	Power is seized in Argentina by a new military junta, the Group of United Officers Go to Perón, Juan Domingo (1895–1974) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1944	Jorge Luis Borges publishes Fictions, a collection of short stories Go to Borges, Jorge Luis (1899–1986) in The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Literature American literature Fiction Latin America Argentina
1945	Juan Perón, professed friend of the poor in Argentina, is arrested by brother officers Go to Perón, Juan Domingo (8 Oct. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina A mass demonstration by trade unions in Buenos Aires results in the release of Perón Go to Perón, Juan Domingo (8 Oct. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina Brazil
1946	Perón, with the orchestrated support of gangs of thugs, is elected president of Argentina Go to Perón, Juan (b. 8 Oct. 1895) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1947	Thor Heyerdahl sets sail across the Pacific from Peru in a balsa wood boat, the Kon-Tiki Go to Heyerdahl, Thor (1914–2002) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Exploration Society Latin America Peru
1948	A nine-year civil war begins in Colombia, bringing eventually some 200,000 deaths Go to Colombia in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century War Latin America
1950	The Chilean poet Pablo Neruda publishes his epic account of South America and its people, Canto general Go to Neruda, Pablo (1904–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Literature American literature Poetry China Latin America Chile
1951	The Batllistas, followers in Uruguay of José Batlle, attempt an unusual experiment in the reform of government Go to Uruguay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentinian driver Juan Manuel Fangio wins the first of five Grand Prix world championship titles Go to Fangio, Juan Manuel (1911–1995) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Sports and games Society Latin America Argentina
1952	A left-wing coup brings Paz Estenssoro to power and launches a 12-year revolution in Bolivia Go to Paz Estenssoro, Victor (1907–2001) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America Eva Perón dies of cancer and achieves the status of a popular saint in Argentina Go to Perón, Eva (1919–1952) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Society Latin America Argentina
1954	Alfredo Stroessner seizes power in Paraguay, introducing three decades of repressive dictatorship Go to Stroessner, Alfredo (3 Nov. 1912) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Latin America The country's president, Getúlio Vargas, commits suicide when the army in Brazil demands his resignation Go to Vargas, Getúlio Dornelles (1883–1954) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Latin America Brazil
1955	A military uprising in Argentina forces Perón to resign and go into exile Go to Perón, Juan Domingo (8 Oct. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America Argentina
1957	Oscar Niemeyer is appointed chief architect for his country's new capital, Brasilia Go to Niemeyer, Oscar (1907– ) in A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Architecture American architecture Latin America Brazil
1958	The Venezuelan dictator Marcos Jiménez escapes to the USA with an estimated fortune of $200 million Go to Venezuela in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Latin America
1960	Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, discovered in Buenos Aires, is kidnapped by Israeli agents Go to Eichmann, Adolf (1906–62) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Asia West Asia Palestine and Israel Latin America Argentina Brazil The Brazilian government moves to Brasilia, into public buildings designed by Oscar Niemeyer Go to Brasília in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Architecture American architecture Latin America Brazil
1962	The veteran left-wing politician Victor Haya is elected president of Peru but is thwarted by a coup led by General Ricardo Godoy Go to Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl (22 Feb. 1895) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Latin America Peru
1963	The Tupamaros are formed as an urban guerrilla group in Uruguay Go to Tupamaros in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America
1964	Senior officers in Brazil seize power, alleging the threat of an imminent communist takeover Go to Brazil in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Latin America Brazil A military junta seizes power in Bolivia, ending the 12-year left-wing regime of Paz Estenssoro Go to Bolivia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America
1965	The General Assembly of the UN asks Argentina and Britain to enter negotiations on their long-running dispute over the Falklands Go to Falklands War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles European empires from 1415 British prime ministers - from 1830 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Britain Latin America Argentina
1966	Che Guevara arrives in Bolivia in the hope of fomenting a left-wing revolution Go to Guevara (de la Serna), Che (1928–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America
1967	Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez publishes a classic of magic realism, One Hundred Years of Solitude Go to García Márquez, Gabriel (1928– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Literature American literature Fiction Latin America Cuban revolutionary Che Guevara is captured and executed in Bolivia Go to Guevara (de la Serna), Che (1928–1967) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Communism Protest and rebellion War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America
1968	Catholic bishops in Latin America, plagued by oppressive regimes, develop the concept of liberation theology Go to liberation theology in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Religion Christianity Latin America Central America
1970	Salvador Allende, heading a Socialist and Marxist coalition, is elected president in Chile Go to Allende, Salvador (b. 26 July 1908) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Communism War Cold war China Wars since 1900 Latin America Chile
1971	The Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wins the Nobel Prize for Literature Go to Neruda, Pablo (1904–1973) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century China Latin America Chile
1973	A military coup plunges democratic Uruguay into eleven years of repressive terror Go to Uruguay in The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America President Salvador Allende appoints Augusto Pinochet commander-in-chief of the Chilean army and brings him into the cabinet Go to Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (b. 25 Nov. 1915) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics War Cold war China Wars since 1900 Latin America Chile The 77-year-old Juan Perón, after returning to Argentina, is once again elected president Go to Perón, Juan (b. 8 Oct. 1895) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina Chilean president Salvador Allende dies in the Chilean capital, Santiago, in a military coup led by Augusto Pinochet Go to Allende, Salvador (b. 26 July 1908) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics War Cold war China Wars since 1900 Latin America Chile
1974	Augusto Pinochet takes sole power in Chile, at the head of a junta which governs with extreme brutality Go to Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (b. 25 Nov. 1915) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics War Cold war China Wars since 1900 Latin America Chile Isabel Perón becomes president of Argentina on the death of her husband Juan Perón Go to Perón, Isabel (b. 5 Feb. 1931) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1975	Surinam wins independence from the Dutch, with Johan Ferrier as the first president Go to Surinam in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization Dutch empire European empires from 1415 Europe Empires Latin America
1976	A military coup in Argentina brings to an end the two-year presidency of Juan Perón's widow, Isabelita Go to Argentina in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina
c. 1978	Shining Path and Tupac Amaru emerge as left-wing guerrilla groups in Peru Go to Sendero Luminoso in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Latin America Peru
1979	The emergency measures underpinning military rule are repealed in Brazil, and an amnesty restores political rights Go to Brazil in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Latin America Brazil
1981	Leopoldo Galtieri becomes leader of the military junta ruling Argentina Go to Galtieri, Leopold Fortunato (b. 15 July 1926) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1982	5000 Argentinian troops land in the Falkland Islands, provoking war with Britain Go to Falklands (Malvinas) War (1982) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century War British empire European empires from 1415 British prime ministers - from 1830 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Latin America Argentina Chilean author Isabel Allende publishes her first novel, The House of the Spirits Go to Allende, Isabel (1942– ) in The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Literature American literature Fiction China Latin America Chile The Argentinian cruiser General Belgrano is sunk by a British torpedo, with the loss of 368 lives Go to Falklands war (1982) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century War Latin America Argentina British troops recapture Port Stanley, after which the Argentinian forces in the Falklands surrender Go to Falklands (Malvinas) War (1982) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century War British empire European empires from 1415 British prime ministers - from 1830 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Rulers and politicians Latin America Argentina The leader of the Argentinian junta, Leopoldo Galtieri, resigns three days after the Falklands defeat Go to Galtieri, Leopold Fortunato (b. 15 July 1926) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America Argentina Argentinian footballer Diego Maradona is sold to Barcelona for a new record fee of about £3 million, almost double the highest previous figure Go to Maradona, Diego (Armando) (1960– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Sports and games Europe Spain Society Latin America Argentina
1983	A civilian government, voted into power in Argentina, prosecutes members of the military junta for civil rights abuses Go to Argentina in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina
1984	Drugs barons in Colombia murder the Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, to protect their trade Go to Colombia in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Latin America
1985	Civilian rule is restored in Brazil after Tancredo Neves and Jose Sarney are elected president and vice-president Go to Brazil in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Latin America Brazil With the return of democracy to Bolivia, the 77-year-old Paz Estenssoro is once again elected president Go to Paz Estenssoro, Victor (b. 2 Oct. 1907) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics War Cold war Wars since 1900 Latin America A dormant volcano erupts in Colombia, burying some 20,000 victims under a deep layer of silt Go to Colombia in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Social and domestic Society Latin America Gabriel García Márquez publishes Love in a Time of Cholera, a novel about love rekindled after five decades Go to García Márquez, Gabriel (1928– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Literature American literature Fiction Latin America
1986	Argentina wins the World Cup quarter final against England with help from Maradona and 'the hand of God' Go to Maradona, Diego (Armando) (1960– ) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Sports and games Society Latin America Argentina
1988	Brazilian racing driver Ayrton Senna wins the first of his three Formula One titles Go to Senna (da Silva), Ayrton (1960–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Sports and games Society Latin America Brazil Augusto Pinochet, the only candidate in Chile's presidential election, resigns when he wins less than half the votes cast Go to Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (23 Nov. 1915) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics China Latin America Chile
1989	Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner is toppled by Andrés Rodríguez, who restores democracy to the country Go to Paraguay in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Latin America Carlos Menem is elected president of Argentina and introduces a free market economy Go to Menem, Carlos Saul (2 July 1930) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Latin America Argentina Uruguay enjoys the first entirely free election since the years of military dictatorship Go to Uruguay in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Latin America With the fall of Pinochet, Chile returns eagerly to democracy - electing a Christian Democrat, Patricio Aylwin, as president Go to Chile in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent China Latin America Chile
1990	Alberto Fujimori and his newly formed Cambio 90 party win a surprise election victory in Peru Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Latin America Peru
1993	Pablo Escobar, leader of the Medellin drugs cartel in Colombia, is cornered and shot Go to Medellín in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Latin America
1994	Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna dies when the steering column of his car shears during the San Marino Grand Prix Go to Senna (da Silva), Ayrton (1960–1994) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Sports and games Europe Society Latin America Brazil
1995	Britain and Argentina come to an agreement concerning the future exploitation of oil around the Falkland Islands Go to Falkland Islands in A Guide to Countries of the World (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Falkland Islands Europe Britain Latin America Argentina
1996	Tupac Amaru guerrillas take 460 guests hostage at the Japanese ambassador's Christmas party in Lima, Peru Go to Tupamaros in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Latin America Peru
1997	Fifteen years after the Falklands War there are 1700 British troops in the islands, guarding 2200 residents Go to Falklands (Malvinas) War (1982) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century War British empire European empires from 1415 Falkland Islands Europe Empires Latin America
1998	A sudden collapse of the Brazilian stock market follows the earlier slump in the Asian markets Go to Brazil in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Commerce and industry Society Latin America Brazil Augusto Pinochet, visiting Britain from Chile for medical treatment, is arrested on an extradition request from a Spanish judge Go to Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (b. 25 Nov. 1915) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles China Europe Britain Latin America Chile
1999	Marxist guerrillas in Colombia, in partnership with drug cartels, control much of the south of the country Go to Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Latin America Floods and massive mudslides in the Vargas state of Venezuela kill an estimated 25,000 people Go to Venezuela in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Social and domestic Society Latin America
2000	The British Home Secretary, Jack Straw, judges Augusto Pinochet mentally incapable to stand trial and returns him to Chile Go to Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (b. 25 Nov. 1915) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles China Europe Britain Latin America Chile Alerto Fujimori resigns after a corruption scandal during his third term as president of Peru Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America Peru
2001	Five presidents succeed each other within a month in Argentina's economic crisis Go to Argentina in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Commerce and industry Society Latin America Argentina
2005	Former Peruvian president Alberto Fujimori, after sheltering since 2000 in Japan, arrives unexpectedly in Chile Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America Chile Peru
2007	The Chilean Supreme Court grants the Peruvian government's request for the extradition of Alberto Fujimori to Peru Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America Peru
2009	Peru's Supreme Court finds Alberto Fujimori guilty of authorizing death squads and sentences him to 25 years in prison Go to Fujimori, Alberto Kenya (b. 28 July 1938) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Latin America Peru
2010	Thirty-three miners are brought safely to the surface after being trapped deep underground for 69 days in the San José mine in Chile Go to Chile in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Social and domestic Technology Society Latin America Chile

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