Palestine and Israel: c. 90,000 years ago - 2009

Timeline: Palestine and Israel

Years: c. 90,000 years ago - 2009	Subject: Encyclopedias, Geographical reference
Publisher: HistoryWorld	Online Publication Date: 2012
Current online version: 2012	eISBN: 9780191736070

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BCE CE

Year	Event
c. 90,000 years ago	Fossilized bones found in the caves of Skhul and Qafzeh, in modern Israel, are of anatomically modern humans Go to Homo sapiens in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Science Asia West Asia
c. 8000 BCE	Jericho, often quoted as the first town, grows into a settlement covering ten acres Go to Jericho in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Architecture Science Asia West Asia Sun-dried bricks are used in the construction of buildings in Jericho Go to mud brick in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic Architecture Social and domestic Asia West Asia Society The tower at Jericho is the world's earliest surviving fortification Go to Jericho in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prehistory Neolithic War Asia West Asia
3761 BCE	Later selected by Hebrew scholars as the date when the world began, this becomes the first year (AM 1) in Jewish chronology Go to Jewish in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Judaism Science Asia West Asia
c. 2600 BCE	The Canaanites migrate into the region which will become known by their name, establishing themselves around what is now Jerusalem Go to Canaanites in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Migration Jerusalem Asia West Asia Society
1469 BCE	The Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III defeats his enemies at Megiddo, in history's first fully described battle and siege Go to Thutmose III in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE War Battles Asia West Asia
c. 1200 BCE	The Philistines settle in the region which, as Palestine, will become known by their name Go to Philistines in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Migration Asia West Asia Society
c. 1050 BCE	Samson is one of many Hebrew chieftains fighting the Philistines for possession of Canaan Go to Samson in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE War Asia West Asia
c. 1020 BCE	Saul, anointed king of Israel by Samuel, establishes himself at Gibeah, just north of Jerusalem Go to Saul in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 1000 BCE	The Jews write down the Torah, the earliest part of the text subsequently known to Christians as the Old Testament Go to Torah in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE 1000-600 BCE Religion Judaism Asia West Asia The Israelites, settled in Canaan, become the first people in history to decide that their god is the only god Go to Israelites in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE 1000-600 BCE Religion Judaism Asia West Asia The Israelites are defeated by the Philistines on Mount Gilboa, with Saul and three of his sons dying during or after the battle Go to Saul in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3100-1000 BCE 1000-600 BCE War Battles Asia West Asia
c. 990 BCE	David, already king of Judah and now anointed king of Israel, brings into one realm the twelve tribes of the Israelites Go to David in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia David captures Jerusalem, which he makes his capital - bringing here the ark of the covenant Go to David in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 970 BCE	Hiram, the Phoenician king of Tyre, is an enthusiastic trading partner of King David in Jerusalem, and later of Solomon Go to Hiram in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Judaism Commerce and industry The Phoenicians Jerusalem Asia West Asia Society
c. 965 BCE	Solomon becomes king of Israel and presides over a period of peace and prosperity Go to Solomon (d. 922 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia
c. 960 BCE	Solomon, the king of Israel, builds the first Temple in Jerusalem Go to Temple, the in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 950 BCE	The Queen of Sheba, who visits Solomon in Jerusalem, is legendary - but her kingdom of Saba is a historical reality Go to Saba in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 910 BCE	Solomon's son Rehoboam is unable to prevent the ten northern tribes going their own way, under the leadership of Jeroboam Go to Rehoboam in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia
722 BCE	The Assyrians overwhelm the north of Israel and the ten northern tribes vanish from history - the majority of them probably dispersed or sold into slavery Go to Sargon II (705 bc) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
c. 700 BCE	Judah and Benjamin, together forming the kingdom of Judah, are the only two surviving tribes of Israel Go to Judah in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1000-600 BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia
586 BCE	After a long siege Jerusalem is taken by Nebuchadnezzar and the city, including Solomon's Temple, is destroyed Go to Nebuchadnezzar II (c.630–562 bc) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Assyria and Babylon Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
539 BCE	Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews begin to rebuild the Temple Go to Temple, the in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 6th century BCE Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
332 BCE	Tyre, the only coastal city to offer serious resistance to Alexander, is taken and destroyed after a siege of seven months Go to Tyre in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE War
301 BCE	Some 20 years after the death of Alexander the Great one of his generals, Ptolemy, extends his rule from Egypt to include Jerusalem Go to Ptolemy in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century BCE Politics Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia
168 BCE	Antiochus IV places a statue of Zeus above the altar of the Temple in Jerusalem, provoking violent reactions from the Jews Go to ANTIOCHUS IV EPIPHANES in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
165 BCE	The Jewish leader Judas the Maccabee captures Jerusalem and cleanses the Temple Go to JUDAH THE MACCABEE in The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
141 BCE	Simon the Maccabee is appointed high priest of the Temple in Jerusalem, with the position declared hereditary in his family Go to Hasmoneans in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 140 BCE	The priestly Sadducees are confronted in the Sanhedrin by a new opposition party - the Pharisees Go to Pharisees in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE Politics Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
c. 100 BCE	The Essenes, a Jewish sect, withdraw from secular life to form monastic communities in the desert Go to Essenes in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century BCE 1st century BCE Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
63 BCE	Pompey captures Jerusalem, bringing Judaea under Roman control Go to Pompey ‘the Great’ (106–48 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia
37 BCE	Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine Go to Herod (c.73 bc–4 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Politics Dynasties and royalty Judaism Asia West Asia
20 BCE	Herod the Great, king of Judaea, begins to build a spectacular new Temple for the Jews on the sacred mount in Jerusalem Go to Herod (c.73 bc–4 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Roman empire Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
c. 6 BCE	According to the Gospel account, Jesus Christ is born in Bethlehem two years before the death of Herod the Great - making the date 6 BC Go to Jesus Christ (1st century ad) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
4 BCE	Herod, according to the Gospel account, orders all newly born infants in Bethlehem to be killed Go to Herod (c.73 bc–4 bc) in The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
CE 1	Christians decide (though not until AD 525) that this is the year of Christ's birth, making it AD 1 in the Christian chronology Go to Anno Domini in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century BCE 1st century CE Science Asia West Asia
c. 29	Jesus begins his ministry in Galilee, gathering disciples, preaching and healing Go to Jesus Christ (1st century ad) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
c. 31	Jesus rides into Jerusalem with a crowd of followers, then attacks the traders in the courtyard of the Temple Go to Money Changers in The Oxford Guide to People and Places of the Bible (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia Jesus, at the Last Supper, associates the bread and wine with his own body and blood, establishing the sacrament of the Eucharist Go to Last Supper in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Jesus is brought before Pontius Pilate who reluctantly sentences him to death for blasphemy Go to Pilate, Pontius in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Jesus Christ is crucified, according to the accounts of his followers, outside the city wall of Jerusalem Go to crucifixion in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia Peter becomes the leader of the small community of Christians in Jerusalem Go to Peter, St in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia
c. 35	Stephen is stoned outside the city wall of Jerusalem - the first Christian martyr Go to Stephen in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia
41	Herod Agrippa, a grandson of Herod the Great, restores a brief calm to Palestine Go to Herod Agrippa I (ad 10–44) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Dynasties and royalty Asia West Asia Empires
c. 50	The leaders of the Christian church gather in Jerusalem to decide an urgent question - must Gentile converts undergo circumcision? Go to Apostolic Council in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia
66	The Zealots play a prominent part in the uprising which expels the Romans from Jerusalem Go to Zealots in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires Josephus is in Jerusalem at the start of the rebellion against the Romans, and will later describe its suppression in his Jewish War Go to Josephus in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Literature Judaism War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
c. 68	The Essenes hide their sacred scrolls in caves near the Dead Sea, to save them from the Romans Go to Dead Sea Scrolls in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Religion Judaism Asia West Asia Empires
70	Titus recovers Jerusalem for Rome, after four years of Jewish rule Go to Titus (ad 39–81) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires The complete destruction of the Jewish Temple follows the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans Go to Jewish Revolt in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Persecution and repression Religion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires The first yeshiva, established by Johanan ben Zakkai at Yavne, begins a strong tradition of Jewish scholarship in the Diaspora Go to Johanan ben Zakkai in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
73	The last of the Jewish insurgents are besieged in the stronghold of Masada, eventually killing each other to end their ordeal Go to Masada in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1st century CE Politics Protest and rebellion Judaism Asia West Asia
130	Hadrian, visiting Jerusalem, decides to rebuild it as a Roman city - an act which provokes the final Jewish uprising Go to Jewish revolts (66–73) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
132	Simon Bar-Cochba drives the Romans out of Jerusalem and holds it for three years, until a large Roman army recovers the city Go to Bar Cochba in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Protest and rebellion Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
135	After the Roman recovery of Jerusalem from Simon Bar-Cochba, all Jews are expelled from the city Go to Bar Cochba in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century Roman empire Politics Conquest and colonization Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
c. 200	Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi compiles the Mishnah, a six-part digest of the Oral Torah Go to Mishnah in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 2nd century 3rd century Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
c. 245	Origen, living in Caesarea, compiles the Hexapla, displaying versions of the Old Testament in six columns for comparative study Go to Hexapla in The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 3rd century Religion Christianity Judaism Asia West Asia
c. 327	Helena, mother of the emperor Constantine, discovers in Jerusalem the cross on which Christ died - or so it is later claimed Go to Helena (c. 255–c. 330ad) in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia
386	St Jerome settles in Bethlehem, where his holy women organize a monastery for his residence and a nearby convent for themselves Go to Jerome, St (c.342–420) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
c. 400	The earlier of the two Talmuds, consisting of commentaries on the Mishnah, is collected by rabbis in Palestine Go to Talmud in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 4th century 5th century Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
c. 405	St Jerome, in Bethlehem, completes the Latin translation of the Bible which later becomes known as the Vulgate Go to Vulgate in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century Religion Christianity Asia West Asia
c. 500	The scribes known as Masoretes safeguard the ancient Hebrew of the Torah by their careful copying of the text Go to Masoretic text in A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 5th century 6th century Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
614	Jerusalem falls to the Persian emperor Khosrau II after a siege of a month, and it is said that 60,000 Christians are massacred Go to Khosrau II (628 ad) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
615	When the Persians sack Jerusalem, they carry off to Ctesiphon Christianity's most sacred relic - the True Cross Go to Cross in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Religion Christianity War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires
638	The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control Go to Jerusalem in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Byzantine empire Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Islam Jerusalem Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
691	The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem Go to Qubbat al-Sakhra in The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 7th century Architecture Religion Islam Jerusalem Muslim empires Asia West Asia Empires
921	The Jewish calendar, deriving originally from the example of Babylon, is given its lasting form Go to Jewish in The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Judaism Science Astronomy and space Asia West Asia
c. 930	Saadiah Gaon writes a seminal work of Jewish philosophy in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions Go to Saadiah Gaon in A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 10th century Literature Philosophy Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
1099	Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 11th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Judaism Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
c. 1109	The crusaders now rule the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa Go to Crusades in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Jerusalem Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1113	The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection Go to Hospitallers in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Christianity Papacy Jerusalem Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1120	The Knights Templar are founded, to protect pilgrims from the Muslims on the journey to Jerusalem Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1144	The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom Go to Eugenius III (d. 1153) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Christianity Papacy War Asia West Asia Europe Italy Wars and Revolutions
1145	A bishop in the crusader territories of the Middle East has news of a fabulously wealthy Christian king, Prester John Go to Prester John in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1148	By the time Louis VII and Conrad III reach the Holy Land they have lost more than half their joint armies to Muslim attacks Go to Louis VII (c.1120–80) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions Louis VII and Conrad III do grave harm to the Latin Kingdom by a feeble attack that merely alienates the previously friendly city of Damascus Go to Latin kingdom of Jerusalem in The Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1187	Saladin destroys the Christian army of the Latin kingdom in a battle below the Horns of Hattin Go to Hattin, battle of (1187) in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Battles Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions Saladin captures various Crusader fortresses and walled cities, including Acre Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions Saladin takes Jerusalem and treats the Christian inhabitants with a consideration unusual for the time Go to Saladin (1138–93) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1191	The Muslim garrison of Acre surrenders to Richard I, who orders the massacre of 2700 of its members Go to Acre in The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions The Teutonic Knights are founded to run a hospital in Acre, in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem Go to Teutonic Knight in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 12th century Religion Christianity Jerusalem Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1228	Frederick II, leader of the sixth crusade, briefly recovers Jerusalem for the Christians by negotiating with the Muslims Go to Frederick II (1712–86) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Crusades 13th century Politics Conquest and colonization Religion Christianity Islam Jerusalem Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions
1260	At Ayn Jalut, near Nazareth, the Egyptian Mamelukes defeat the Mongol army of Hulagu - the first military setback for the Mongols Go to Mongol empire in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Dynasties and royalty Battles Asia West Asia
c. 1275	The Mamelukes control Palestine and Syria, bringing the region securely back into Muslim hands Go to Mamelukes in The Oxford Companion to Military History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 13th century Politics Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
1303	The Knights Templars withdraw from the island of Arwad, the last foothold of the crusaders in the Middle East Go to Knight Templar in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Byzantine empire Crusades 14th century Politics Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia Empires Wars and Revolutions
1799	Napoleon, in Syria, orders 3000 captured defenders of Jaffa to be killed by bayonet or drowning to save ammunition Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century French Revolutionary Wars Napoleonic era War Asia West Asia Wars and Revolutions In a famous moment of calculated courage Napoleon visits and touches the sick in a plague hospital in Jaffa Go to French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 18th century Napoleonic era Social and domestic Society
1882	The first settlements of European Jews, returning to the promised land, are established in Palestine Go to World Zionist Organization in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19th century Religion Judaism Migration Asia West Asia Society
1910	Ten men and two women establish the first kibbutz, at Degania in Palestine Go to kibbutz in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Social and domestic Asia West Asia Society
1916	Britain and France sign the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, dividing up spheres of influence in the Middle East Go to Sykes–Picot Agreement (1916) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Lebanon and Syria Europe France Britain
1917	Foreign Secretary A.J. Balfour declares Britain's conditional support for a homeland in Palestine for the Jews Go to Balfour declaration in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1910s 20th century Politics Religion Judaism Migration Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles British prime ministers - from 1830 Asia West Asia Europe Society Rulers and politicians Britain November 7 - Edmund Allenby takes the Palestinian town of Gaza, at the third British attempt Go to Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman, 1st Viscount (1861–1936) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Asia West Asia Wars since 1900 December 9 - the British commander Edmund Allenby captures Jerusalem from its Turkish defenders Go to Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman, 1st Viscount (1861–1936) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 1910s 20th century War Jerusalem Turks Asia West Asia Wars since 1900
1920	The Haganah is set up as an underground military organization to protect Jewish settlements in Palestine Go to Haganah in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 20th century Politics Religion Judaism Asia West Asia May - League of Nations mandates give Britain responsibility for Iraq, Transjordan and Palestine Go to Mandate in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: First World War 20th century Politics Conquest and colonization War British empire European empires from 1415 Mesopotamia Asia West Asia Iraq Europe Empires Wars since 1900
1929	Arabs in the Palestinian town of Hebron turn on their Jewish neighbours and murder sixty-seven Go to Palestine in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1920s 20th century Religion Islam Judaism Social and domestic Asia West Asia Society
1931	Irgun, a new Jewish paramilitary group, is set up by Haganah commanders frustrated by the older organization's policies Go to Irgun in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1930s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Judaism Asia West Asia
1940	Avraham Stern forms the Stern Gang, a new Jewish terrorist group in Palestine and an offshoot of Irgun Go to Stern Gang in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1942	Yitzhak Shamir becomes leader of the terrorist Stern gang in Palestine Go to Stern Gang in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1943	Future Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin becomes leader of the underground terrorist group Irgun Go to Irgun in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1946	Irgun terrorists detonate a bomb in the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing 91 people Go to Irgun in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Jerusalem Asia West Asia
1947	The UN puts forward a plan for the partition of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states Go to Palestine in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia An Arab boy, herding goats in the Qumran desert, finds the first of the Dead Sea Scrolls Go to Dead Sea Scrolls in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Religion Judaism Science Asia West Asia
1948	Israel declares its independence as a new Jewish state, with David Ben-Gurion as prime minister Go to Israel in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Six Arab states attack Israel in support of the Palestinians, starting the first Arab-Israeli war Go to Arab-Israeli Wars (1948–49) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century War Asia West Asia 700,000 Palestinian Arabs flee from their homes in Israel and become refugees Go to Palestine in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Social and domestic Asia West Asia Society The UN mediator in Palestine, Folke Bernadotte, proposes a peace plan involving the partition of Palestine Go to Palestine in Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Jewish terrorists, opposed to the partition of Palestine, murder the UN peacemaker Folke Bernadotte Go to Bernadotte, Folke, Count (1895–1948) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1949	Jordan occupies the West Bank area of Palestine at the end of the Arab-Israeli war Go to West Bank in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1940s 20th century War Asia West Asia
1951	King Abdullah of Jordan is assassinated on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem Go to Abdullah ibn Hussein (b. 1880) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Jerusalem Asia West Asia
1956	Israeli troops invade the Sinai peninsula, a province of Egypt bordering the Suez canal Go to Suez crisis in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century War Asia West Asia
1958	Yasser Arafat and others in Kuwait found Al-Fatah, a secret organization advocating armed resistance against Israel Go to Fatah, al‐ in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1950s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1960	Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, discovered in Buenos Aires, is kidnapped by Israeli agents Go to Eichmann, Adolf (1906–62) in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Asia West Asia Latin America Argentina Brazil South America
1961	The trial of Adolf Eichmann begins in an Israeli court in Jerusalem, with TV cameras permitted to broadcast the event live around the world Go to Eichmann, Karl Adolf (b. 19 Mar. 1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Performing arts Jerusalem Asia West Asia
1962	Adolf Eichmann, convicted in Israel for his role in the Holocaust, is hanged in Tel Aviv Go to Eichmann, Karl Adolf (b. 19 Mar. 1906) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Asia West Asia
1964	Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras meet in Jerusalem, in the first such meeting since 1438 Go to Athenagoras (1886–1972) in The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Christianity Catholic and orthodox Papacy Jerusalem The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded at a congress in East Jerusalem, then part of Jordan Go to Palestine Liberation Organization in World Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Jerusalem Egypt Asia West Asia
1967	A pre-emptive air strike by Israel destroys almost all Egypt's aircraft and launches the Six-Day War Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Israel captures the Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Asia West Asia Israel captures East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Jerusalem Asia West Asia Israel captures the Golan Heights from Syria in the Six-Day War Go to Six Day War in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria English cellist Jacqueline du Pré marries Israeli pianist Daniel Barenboim Go to du Pré, Jacqueline (1945–1987) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Performing arts Music Great Britain - from 1707 United Kingdom - from 1801 British Isles Asia West Asia Europe Britain
1969	At a congress in Cairo, Yasser Arafat is appointed leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Go to Arafat, Yasser (1929–2004) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia On the death of Levi Eshkol, Golda Meir succeeds him as leader of a coalition government in Israel Go to Meir, Golda (1898–1978) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1960s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1972	Eleven Israeli athletes are killed by Palestinian 'Black September' terrorists at the Munich Olympic Games Go to Black September in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia Germany
1973	Likud is formed in Israel as an alliance of right-wing parties Go to Likud (‘Union’), Israel in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Democracy and dissent Asia West Asia Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack against Israel on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement Go to Yom Kippur War (Oct. 1973) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century War Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Arab oil-exporting countries cause an economic crisis by denying oil to western countries supporting Israel Go to oil crisis in A Dictionary of Economics (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Commerce and industry Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Society North America A cease-fire brokered by the USA and UN brings the Yom Kippur War to and end after 18 days Go to Yom Kippur War (Oct. 1973) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century War Asia West Asia
1974	Golda Meir resigns and Yitzhak Rabin succeeds her as leader of the Labour party and Israeli prime minister Go to Rabin, Yitzhak (b. 1 Mar. 1922) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1976	In a daring raid on Entebbe airport, Israeli troops rescue hostages hijacked on a flight from Tel Aviv to Paris Go to Entebbe Raid in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Social and domestic Africa East Africa Asia West Asia Society
1977	Likud leader Menachem Begin, at the head of a coalition government, becomes Israel's first non-socialist prime minister Go to Begin, Menachem (b. 16 Aug. 1913) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Anwar el-Sadat, the Egyptian president, travels to Jerusalem to propose a peace plan to the Israelis Go to Sadat, Anwar Mohammed (25 Dec. 1918) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Jerusalem Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
1978	Anwar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin sign an Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty at Camp David in the USA Go to Camp David Accords (Sept. 1978) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics US presidents Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia Rulers and politicians North America United States Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian president Anwar el-Sadat share the Nobel Peace Prize Go to Sadat, Mohammed Anwar al (1918–1981) in Who's Who in the Twentieth Century (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1970s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Egypt Asia West Asia
1981	Muslim terrorists assassinate Anwar el-Sadat, in response to his peace agreement with Israel Go to Sadat, Muhammad Anwar al- (b. 25 Dec. 1918) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Africa North Africa Egypt
1982	Israeli Minister of Defence Ariel Sharon heads Israel's invasion of Lebanon to expel the PLO Go to Sharon, Ariel (b. 27 Feb. 1928) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Yasser Arafat and the PLO move to Tunisia, after being driven out of Lebanon by Israel Go to PLO in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Africa North Africa Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria Hezbollah emerges in Lebanon as an Iranian-sponsored resistance movement against the Israeli occupation of the southern part of the country Go to Hezbollah in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria
1987	An Intifada begins against Israeli occupation of Palestinian land Go to intifada in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Religion Islam Asia West Asia Hamas (acronym in Arabic for 'Movement for Islamic Resistance') is founded in the occupied territories to lead armed resistance against Israel Go to Hamas in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Protest and rebellion Terrorism and assassination Religion Islam Asia West Asia
1988	Yasser Arafat, leader of the PLO, declares that the organization renounces 'terrorism in all its forms' Go to Arafat, Yasser Mohammed (24 Aug. 1929) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1980s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1992	Yitzhak Rabin returns as prime minister of Israel after the Labour party wins a general election Go to Rabin, Yitzhak (1 Mar. 1922) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1993	The Oslo Accords, brokered by the Norwegian government between the PLO and Israel, are seen as a breakthrough in the Middle East crisis Go to Oslo Accords in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Europe Norway Meeting in Washington, Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat accept the Oslo Accords, promising autonomy for Palestine within five years Go to Oslo Accords in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics US presidents Asia West Asia Rulers and politicians North America United States
1994	Israel recognizes the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the representative body of the Palestinian people Go to PLO in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Yasser Arafat, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin share the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to solve the Israel-Palestine problem Go to Arafat, Yasser Mohammed (24 Aug. 1929) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia The Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and Hussein, the king of Jordan, sign a historic peace agreement Go to Rabin, Yitzhak (1 Mar. 1922) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1995	Yitzhak Rabin, after addressing a mass rally for peace in Tel Aviv, is killed by an Israeli assassin Go to Rabin, Yitzhak (1 Mar. 1922) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia
1996	Yasser Arafat is elected president of the new Palestinian National Authority Go to Arafat, Yasser Mohammed (24 Aug. 1929) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia Benjamin Netanyahu leads the Likud party to victory in an Israeli election overshadowed by Palestinian suicide bombers Go to Netanyahu, Benjamin (b. 21 Oct. 1949) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
1999	Ehud Barak becomes prime minister after leading the Labour party to election victory in Israel Go to Barak, Ehud (b. 12 Feb. 1942) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 1990s 20th century Politics Asia West Asia
2000	Israel completes the withdrawal of its troops from southern Lebanon Go to Lebanon in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria A visit by Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount in Jerusalem sparks off a new intifada Go to Sharon, Ariel (b. 27 Feb. 1928) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Jerusalem Asia West Asia
2001	Ariel Sharon is elected prime minister of Israel on the platform of taking a tough line with the PLO Go to Sharon, Ariel (b. 27 Feb. 1928) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia
2004	Palestinian president Yasser Arafat dies in a hospital near Paris Go to Arafat, Yasser Mohammed (24 Aug. 1929) in A Dictionary of Political Biography (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia Europe France
2005	Mahmoud Abbas is elected president of the Palestinian Authority, following the death of Yasser Arafat Go to Abbas, Mahmoud (b. 26 Mar. 1935) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia Israel uses force to remove settlers who refuse to leave Gaza in accordance with Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan Go to Sharon, Ariel (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Conquest and colonization Asia West Asia The Israeli prime minister, Ariel Sharon, resigns from his party (Likud) with the intention of forming a new one (Kadima) Go to Sharon, Ariel (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia
2006	Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon suffers a massive stroke which leaves him in a coma Go to Sharon, Ariel (1928– ) in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia Hamas, defined in many countries as a terrorist organization, wins the majority of seats in elections to the Palestinian Legislative Council Go to Hamas in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia Kadima, the party founded by Ariel Sharon, wins the most seats in the Israeli elections Go to Kadima in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia Ehud Olmert, Sharon's successor as leader of Kadima, becomes Israel's prime minister at the head of a coalition government Go to Olmert, Ehud (b. 30 Sept 1945) in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Asia West Asia Hamas militants take hostage an Israeli corporal, provoking a new Israeli military campaign against Gaza Go to Hamas in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Persecution and repression Terrorism and assassination Asia West Asia Hezbollah takes two Israeli soldiers hostage, provoking the renewal of air and rocket warfare on the Israel-Lebanon border Go to Hezbollah in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century Politics Terrorism and assassination War Asia West Asia Lebanon and Syria A UN-sponsored cease-fire comes into effect in the conflict between Israeli and Hezbollah forces in south Lebanon Go to Hezbollah in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Asia West Asia
2008	Israel begins an intense series of airstrikes against targets in the Gaza Strip, in response to rockets launched by Hamas Go to Hamas in A Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War
2009	Israel escalates its war against Hamas by launching a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip Go to Gaza Strip in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Israel completes a military withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, nearly three weeks after launching its invasion of the territory Go to Gaza Strip in A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 21st century War Asia

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Timeline: Palestine and Israel