utility possibility frontier Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...utility possibility frontier The maximum attainable levels of utility for the consumers in an economy given the economy’s endowment and technology. The utility possibility frontier can be constructed by taking each Pareto-efficient allocation and plotting the utility levels of the consumers at that allocation. Varying the allocation traces out the frontier. A point below the frontier is not Pareto efficient. The social optimum is the point on the frontier that maximizes a chosen social welfare function...
utility possibility frontier
social optimum
social optimum Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...social optimum The point on the utility possibility frontier that maximizes social welfare . The social optimum is the allocation chosen by a benevolent social planner who is constrained only by the endowment of resources. If there are restrictions upon the policy instruments of the social planner the social optimum will not, in general, be...
Romanization Reference library
Antony J. S. Spawforth, Martin J. Millett, and Stephen Mitchell
The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.)
...Revolution (2008). Antony J. S. Spawforth 1. In the west Romanization describes the processes by which indigenous peoples incorporated into the empire acquired cultural attributes which made them appear as Romans. There has been considerable recent debate about the continued utility for the term, which is now considered outmoded by many. Since the Romans had no single unitary culture but rather absorbed traits from others, including the conquered, the process was not a one-way passing of ideas and styles from Roman to indigene but rather an exchange which...
Romanization Reference library
Antony J. S. Spawforth, Martin J. Millett, and Stephen Mitchell
The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization (2 ed.)
... creolization . Antony J. S. Spawforth 1. In the west Romanization describes the processes by which indigenous peoples incorporated into the empire acquired cultural attributes which made them appear as Romans. There has been considerable recent debate about the continued utility for the term, which is now considered outmoded by many. Since the Romans had no single unitary culture but rather absorbed traits from others, including the conquered, the process was not a one-way passing of ideas and styles from Roman to indigene but rather an exchange which...
Ecosystem Services (The Business of Sustainability) Reference library
Emma STEWART
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability
...high and increasing. Poor hillside management and deforestation are leading to sedimentation of dams. The ecosystem services–based solutions emerging in the utility industry offer broad possibilities for improving the environment. Corporate real estate developers can use constructed wetlands for storm water and wastewater management and treatment, thus avoiding traditional infrastructure costs. Utilities could provide carbon storage on company property through reforestation or forest maintenance. A nongovernmental partner could measure and monitor the carbon...
Brazil (2012) Reference library
José Augusto DRUMMOND
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability
...and compared to the transformations of smaller, contemporary frontiers of gold and precious stone in other areas of the country, such as Amazonia. Frontiers into the Twenty-First Century Brazil is one of the few countries of the world in which extensive frontiers remain to be settled by, or fully incorporated into, the core of the national society. A vast portion of Brazil’s immense Amazon region and a fair percentage of Brazil’s midwestern region still display characteristic frontier features, such as low population density, strong population...
Central Asia Reference library
Mark David Luce
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...the Russians frowned on many of the practices. In Turkestan the tsarists excelled in city planning. They completed new cities that were carefully planned and built near to the native ones. Built on the European model, they included parks, tree-lined boulevards, theaters, public utilities, and electricity. In 1888 the Trans-Caspian Railroad reached Samarkand, and the Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad was completed in 1905 . A Turkestan-Siberian Railroad was started later. Efforts to colonize the Kazakh steppes began in 1868 , when Russian peasants arrived. At the...
Meade, James Edward (1907–95) Reference library
The Biographical Dictionary of British Economists
...prices were known, it was easy to depict a country’s equilibrium in terms of a production possibility frontier and an indifference map (if one was prepared to make the judgements described above, such a map could be drawn). The problem was that, given the constraint imposed by there being only two dimensions on a page, it was difficult finding a way to represent equilibrium for two countries that had different preferences and different production possibility frontiers. Meade solved the problem by deriving indifference curves for imports and exports, and from...
Segregation Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present
...duplicate facilities. Generation after generation of white southerners learned and believed that nothing less than the present and future of Western civilization was at risk when the possibility of African American equality was raised. Mob violence in the form of lynching and race riots was the ultimate method of defending white individuals and communities against the possibility of social contact with African Americans. During the 1890s, lynch mobs killed over one hundred black people every year. Lynching has a long history in the United States, dating back to...
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (30 January 1882–12 April 1945) Reference library
Philip Abbott
The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
...in 1944 , Roosevelt was seriously ill, and he died on 12 April 1945 , shortly after attending a meeting with Allied leaders at Yalta. Although there was initial congressional support for these accords, the almost immediate advent of the Cold War led to a reevaluation of the utility and wisdom of FDR's policy of cooperation and compromise with the Soviet Union. FDR's legacy is still a controversial one owing, in part, to the fact that the two major initiatives of his administrations—the welfare state and international intervention—remain contested policies...
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (30 January 1882–12 April 1945) Reference library
Philip Abbott
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...term in 1944, Roosevelt was seriously ill, and he died on 12 April 1945 , shortly after attending a meeting with Allied leaders at Yalta. Although there was initial congressional support for these accords, the almost immediate advent of the Cold War led to a reevaluation of the utility and wisdom of FDR's policy of cooperation and compromise with the Soviet Union. FDR's legacy is still a controversial one, owing in part to the fact that the two major initiatives of his administrations—the welfare state and international intervention—remain contested policies in...
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Reference library
Philip Abbott
The Oxford Companion to American Politics
...in 1944 , Roosevelt was seriously ill, and he died on 12 April 1945 , shortly after attending a meeting with Allied leaders at Yalta. Although there was initial congressional support for these accords, the almost immediate advent of the Cold War led to a reevaluation of the utility and wisdom of FDR’s policy of cooperation and compromise with the Soviet Union. FDR’s legacy is still a controversial one owing, in part, to the fact that the two major initiatives of his administrations—the welfare state and international intervention—remain contested policies...
Animal Husbandry Reference library
John R. Walton
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...for hunting, one of a number of breeds fashioned to various and contrasting demands. Canine breeds designed to assist farmers have fared well, since the demand remains for their originally intended functions. Even so, many farm dog breeds are now selected for appearance, not utility, since such functions as flock guarding and droving are no longer required in most parts of the world. While other farm animals have not been immune to selection by fanciers for nonproductive traits, these tendencies have been balanced by the need for growth and performance. Changes...
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...in 1944 , Roosevelt was seriously ill, and he died on 12 April 1945 , shortly after attending a meeting with Allied leaders at Yalta. Although there was initial congressional support for these accords, the almost immediate advent of the Cold War led to a reevaluation of the utility and wisdom of FDR's policy of cooperation and compromise with the Soviet Union. FDR's legacy is still a controversial one owing in part to the fact that the two major initiatives of his administrations, the welfare state and international intervention, remain contested policies...
Roman Forts and Fortifications Reference library
Gwyn Davies
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology
...foundations of similarly impressive but entirely symbolic gateways can be seen elsewhere in the east, for example, at Scythopolis (Beth-Shean) and Gadara (Umm Qeis). The Roman rediscovery of the utility of city defenses qua defenses can be seen to stem from the crisis of the third century c.e. that demonstrated the vulnerability of the imperial core when the frontier systems failed. For example, apart from a few prestigious coloniae , the vast majority of Gallic cities had grown up untrammeled by walls and were therefore ill-equipped to repulse the barbarian...
Haberler, Gottfried (1900–95) Reference library
The Biographical Dictionary of American Economists
...theoretical contribution was the reformulation of Ricardo's theory of comparative costs in his article ‘The Theory of Comparative Costs and its Use in the Defense of Free Trade’ ( 1930 ), in which he introduced the ‘production substitution curve’, today's production-possibility frontier or transformation curve. This concept can be found already in Barone ( 1908 ), but Haberler was the first who systematically applied it for a generalization of the theory of comparative costs as an instrument for the analysis of production-technological connections in...
Legalist School Reference library
YU Qiyu and Bill SIEVER
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...This is not because he loves his master. The farmhand says: “In this way, I shall have good soup, and money and cloth will come easily.” Thus, he expends his strength as if between them there were a bond of love such as that of father and son. Yet their hearts are centered on utility, and they both harbor the idea of serving themselves. (From “Collection of Legendary Stories” in “The Treatises of Han Fei Zi,” cited in Liao) Han Fei was an advocate of the absolute monarch. The absolute monarch needed the absolute authority of the ruler. Drawing on the ideas...
Economy and Economic Theory, Roman Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
...shaped decision making. The Roman elite's idealization of self-sufficiency, found in texts as varied as the agricultural handbooks of Cato and Varro, the poems of Martial, and the Satyricon of Petronius, used to be seen as directly opposed to the modern emphasis on maximizing utility and hence as a major impediment to economic development; this idealization of self-sufficiency can now be understood as a rational response to the conditions of uncertainty prevalent in the preindustrial Mediterranean, where it might not be wise to rely on the market to supply...
