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urban theory Quick reference
A Dictionary of Geography (6 ed.)
... theory Theorizations of urbanization which stress the logic of capital in uneven urban development, appraise the tensions between modernity and postmodernity as conceptual frameworks for understanding ‘the urban’, explore the globalization and the concept of world cities, and analyse the complexities of multiple and hybrid urban...
urban theory
Wirthian theory of urbanism
Medicine Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...The work of *prison reformers (notably John *Howard ), pioneer sanitarians, medical reformers, and urban physicians like the London *Quaker John Coakley Lettsom ( 1744–1815 ) pointed to the dangers of poor ventilation, overcrowding, dirt, and malnutrition. Schools, gaols, camps, barracks, and workhouses were extremely vulnerable to fevers (typhus). Tuberculosis (‘the white plague’) was recognized to be worsening, particularly amongst the urban poor, and the links between tuberculosis and slum conditions were evident [ see *poverty, 12 ]. Faced with...
Local Government Quick reference
R. W. Hoyle
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...after the 1830s may be described as one in which urban areas became increasingly closely governed under the control of elected boards and municipal authorities, while the countryside remained under the guidance of the magistrates and, in effect, continued to lack bodies recognizable as local government. The piecemeal development of local government was designed to cope with the essentially local problems of urban growth. While their responsibility for government was increasingly restricted to non‐urban areas, it would not be true to speak of any general...
Painting Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...‘The Body of the Public’ in his The Political Theory of Painting , New Haven, Conn., 1986; ed., Painting and the Politics of Culture: New Essays on British Art 1700–1850 , Oxford, 1992; Bermingham, A. , Landscape and Ideology: The English Rustic Tradition, 1740–1846 , London, 1987; Eaves, M. , The Counter-Arts Conspiracy: Art and Industry in the Age of Blake , Ithaca, NY, 1992; Gage, J. , J. M. W. Turner, ‘A Wonderful Range of Mind’ , New Haven, Conn., 1987; Hemingway, A. , Landscape Imagery and Urban Culture in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain ,...
Policing Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...army’; it would be an armed gendarmerie , which threatened civil liberties; it represented the thin end of the wedge of centralization, government power, and the end of the unpaid magistracy. Stressing the marked differences between urban and rural policing needs, the JPs resurrected and defended the paternalist theory that they should rule without the support of formal institutions of repression such as a professional police. They put up a formidable opposition in many quarter sessions, and succeeded in ensuring that half of the English counties refused...
Law Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...regime may have seemed appropriate because the urban poor were identified increasingly as a criminal class. This perception entailed support for laws which created a network of institutions for their management and disciplining: through the penitentiary, the police, and the new poor laws. In conclusion, by the 1830s, when legislation which established the Poor Law Commission, the Factory Inspectorate, and the Registrar-General of births, deaths, and marriages was passing in parliament, the substance and theory of English law had travelled a long way from the...
Consumerism Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...from the 1830s by the laying of the railways. Freight carriage loomed large in the business plans of the early railway entrepreneurs. Merchandizing of goods was transformed by what several scholars have identified as an ‘urban renaissance’ in Georgian England. It has been argued that the Tudor and Stuart era had brought widespread ‘urban crisis’. By contrast, many historians believe the Georgian period saw the transformation of towns from essentially functional centres to foci of taste in their own right, with a new accent on encouraging people to congregate...
Architecture Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
... Salomon Van Ruysdael or Claude Lorrain and above all else on the actual English countryside, picturesque theory valued variety, irregularity, mutability, and contingency. The ruin was the archetypal picturesque structure. Picturesque architecture was supposed to strike the eye with a more vivid physical sensation and, for the knowledgeable, evoke pleasant sensations of remembered paintings and scenes. Indeed, what is so remarkable about the theory of the picturesque is the degree to which it was conceived in relation to its audience. In a revolutionary...
Poverty Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...requiring neither redress nor explanation beyond providential sanction, and the particular theory of economic value on which it rested often went unstated or was left vague. Agriculture was still a major source of income for the labouring classes, although it had not employed a majority of the population since the early eighteenth century [ see *agricultural revolution ]. Many earned something from manufacturing, notably spinning and weaving at home, while urban occupations supported growing numbers of women and men. The poor, whatever their employment,...
Language Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of social vanity’ than their urban counterparts. Their language was more philosophical and permanent because they ‘hourly communicate with the best objects from which the best part of language is originally derived’. Tooke had argued that language had its origins in sense impressions, which gave rise to the nouns and verbs which were the bases of all the other parts of speech. Much of Wordsworth's early poetry seemed to seek to recreate this conversation with the source of language. The radical origins of this poetic theory are clear enough, but its...
Democracy Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...for political reform. Initially, most of the supporters of parliamentary reform also came from the urban middle classes, but by the 1790s significant numbers of skilled artisans had been recruited and after 1815 the majority of rank-and-file reformers were workers in industry and commerce. Only intermittently did radicalism extend into a popular movement. Throughout all periods the reform movement received its greatest support from the major urban and commercial or industrial areas of the country: from in and around London, the industrial areas of the...
Popular Culture Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...decided the doctor was a *quack when, unlike the prophets of old, he charged payment prior to healing. Clare discerned the same blend of modern scientific theory and traditional fairground showmanship in the performances of the famous London *phrenologist Deville. Clare's own magpie mind conjoined the countryman's minute and animistic knowledge of local flora and fauna with complex theories of botanical classification derived from works like John Ray 's Historia Planetarum ( 1686–1704 ) and John Parkinson 's Theatrum Botanicum ( 1640 )....
Domesticity Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...on the other. Although the extended family was often an economic necessity for urban and rural labouring-class people, middle-class reformers used it to stigmatize urban labouring-class families. In James Phillips Kay's (later Kay-Shuttleworth) Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes in Manchester ( 1832 ), for example, moral and physical threats to ‘the sanctity of the domestic circle’ are both the cause and effect of the impoverished condition of the urban Irish poor in Manchester. In effect, Kay's medical, social, and statistical diagnosis...
Land Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...by his call for the rights of *women [4] and infants as well as men, Spence's ‘Land Plan’, first advanced in 1775 , advocated the community distribution of the bulk of wealth derived from agriculture. The theory of ‘Spenceanism’ travelled back and forth from city to country via radical journalism and community links amongst agricultural and urban workers, leaving a legacy for the *Chartist Land Plan and the *socialist movement at the end of the nineteenth century. Significant as well was the manner in which a ‘people's farm’ idealization of the land...
On the Future of Women and Politics in the Arab World Reference library
Heba Raouf Ezzat
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...Development Report 1994 . Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–4. 6. Agnes Heller, “The Concept of the Political Revisited,” in David Held, Political Theory Today . Oxford: Polity Press, 1995, pp. 332–335. 7. Salwa S. Gomaa (ed.), Governance . Cairo: Public Administration Research and Consultation Center (PARC), 2001, p. 14. 8. Gerald Gaus, Political Concepts and Political Theories . Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2000, pp. 241–242. 9. Caroline Robb, Can the Poor Influence Policy? Participatory Poverty Assessment in the Developing World...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...state. The urban architecture of Iron IIA was distinctive, as were the cities themselves. The preceding Iron I period saw deurbanization throughout Palestine. The rise of a state system in the tenth century bce coincided with an urban revival within the boundaries of the Israelite national territory. Most of the new urban centers were built on the sites of the old Bronze Age cities, although a few represent the continuation of Iron I village sites. The Iron II cities in some ways continue the Bronze Age urban traditions in their layout and...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
... Although at least for the early periods the names and dates in the King List are clearly legendary, underlying it is perhaps an authentic historical memory of the prominence of various urban centers in the third millennium and even before. The first city mentioned, Eridu, is the oldest known Mesopotamian site where the beginning of urbanism is identified, as far back as the fifth millennium bce , during the Chalcolithic Age in the Levant. In these cities, by the early fourth millennium, centralized government was monarchic. The...
Political Economy Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of its results between rent, profits, and wages that Ricardo had originally formulated as part of his case for the gradual withdrawal of agricultural protection in the corn law debates of 1814–15 . It embodied a theory of rent derived from the law of diminishing returns, but in contrast with Malthus's more harmonistic formulation of this theory it underlined the conclusion that land-rent was a form of monopoly return or transfer payment by the community at large to the owners of a scarce resource, with rents rising when the price of food rose, and with the...
