urban political ecology Quick reference
A Dictionary of Geography (5 ed.)
... political ecology If one component of political ecology is the study of political struggles for control over natural resources, urban political ecology is easy to define, and Swyngedouw and Heynen are its begetters: ‘the political programme of urban political ecology is to enhance the democratic content of socio-environmental construction’ ( Swyngedouw and Heynen (2003) Antipode 35, 5 ). N. Heynen (2006) calls for ‘more equitable distribution of social power and a more inclusive mode of the production of nature’; see Myers (2008) Urb. Geog. 29,...
urban political ecology
Poverty Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...with finally tipping opinion towards poor law reform [ see *riots ]. Manufacturing districts and areas of rapid population growth had their own distinctive ecology of disturbance and violence. Machine-breaking erupted periodically in the north and south-west of England as an attempt to protect the existing organization of the textile industry [ see *Luddism ]. Riots reflected complex political and economic relationships embedded in local contexts, while the patterns of female participation in such disturbances mapped women's status in the household and...
Land Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...through a set of marches and *petitions presented to parliament during the famine years of 1794–5 and again in 1801 , to link their demands for political reform with a mass of agricultural labourers made volatile by the hunger in the countryside. This, too, was to be the enduring goal of republican and nationalist politics in Ireland. While elsewhere in Britain this pattern in the network of political relations between city and country developed under the auspices of the parliamentary reform movement, another pattern was grounded in the communitarian...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...royal cities can be related to political centralization—to the stationing of cavalry units in strategic cities ( see 1 Kings 9.19 ), to the provisioning of officials loyal to the crown, or to the storage of materials being exchanged on the trade routes of the early state. The urban architecture of Iron IIA was distinctive, as were the cities themselves. The preceding Iron I period saw deurbanization throughout Palestine. The rise of a state system in the tenth century bce coincided with an urban revival within the boundaries of the...
Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel Reference library
Lawrence E. Stager
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...due more to culture than to ecology. The Mycenaeans and later Greeks valued swine and preferred pork in their diet, a preference brought by the Philistines to Canaan in the twelfth century. It is probably then, the biblical period of “the judges,” that the Israelites developed their taboo against pork consumption, in part to differentiate themselves from their Philistine neighbors; circumcision was another such distinctive cultural marker. Urban Imposition ...
Liberation Theology: Latin America Reference library
M. Daniel Carroll R.
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...option for the poor’) above all others. Rigoberta Menchú, Nobel Peace Prize winner and Guatemalan poetess, speaking at a rally in the urban shanty town of Mesquital. A Mayan woman, she is probably the most well-known symbol of the indigenous rights movement in Latin America. Nigel Dickinson/Still Pictures. The reaction of liberation theologians to these new political and cultural realities has implications for their use of the Bible. At one level, all feel that the conditions of Latin America require the continued...
Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt Reference library
Carol A. Redmount
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...city-states, each ruled by a “prince,” dominated the political landscape of Syria-Palestine in the Late Bronze Age. The heart of the city-state system was a polity centered on one autonomous urban settlement; around this core lay hinterlands of varying sizes and compositions, contributing additional human and natural resources. The heavily fortified main city was usually located along at least one important trade and communication route. The city-states vied continually with each other for political, economic, and military dominance. Rarely were they...
Ian Lennox McHarg
community studies
sociology of environment
national park
urban ecology Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
... ecology Urban ecology, pioneered by Chicago sociologists in the 1920s, was central to the development of human ecology . Indeed the two terms are often used interchangeably. Urban ecology applies principles derived from biological science to the explanation of spatial distribution in urban populations. This is said to result from ‘biotic’ competition for territorial advantage by human groups, each constituted by social basis, for example, common class position or ethnicity. Groups occupy distinctive ‘natural areas’ or neighbourhoods. The concentric...
political ecology Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...by feminist political ecologists (see, for example, Rocheleau et al. ( 1997 ), Feminist Political Ecology: Global Perspectives and Local Experience ). All this has produced more rounded research, but also been coincident with political ecology becoming ever more intellectually plural and normatively diverse. For instance, despite its roots in the study of rural areas in the Global South, there is now an urban political ecology whose practitioners not only study cities but also ones in the Global North. The enrichment provided by political ecology’s lack of...
Reclus, Élisée (1830–1905) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...1890 he returned to France and in 1894 accepted a position at New University in Brussels, Belgium. He was a pioneer of social and urban geography, examining issues of class, race, gender, power, social domination, urbanization, and ecology, with his ideas explicitly shaping the work of urban planners such as Patrick Geddes and Lewis Mumford...
McHarg, Ian Lennox (1920–2001) Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture (4 ed.)
...( 1963 ) Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, & Todd in Philadelphia, PA. Although involved mostly in urban design (e.g. Inner Harbor and Municipal Center, Baltimore, MD, and the New Town , Woodlands, Houston, TX ( 1970–4 )), McHarg was an important influence on the climate of awareness that recognized the damage being done to the environment by short-sighted economic and political considerations. Advocating active cooperation with Nature and a respect for ecology, his work influenced Green or Sustainable architecture . Duhl (eds) ( 1963 ) ; JRSA , cxxviii...
Chicago School Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
...who pioneered the systematic study of the social ecology of large Western cities. By combining theory with ethnographic fieldwork , the Chicago School showed cities such as Chicago to be a set of distinct, juxtaposed communities. The ecological metaphor was borrowed from biologists studying ecosystems. These ideas were strongly influential in urban and social geography . The Chicago School view of urban communities was later criticized for marginalizing issues of power and inequality (political and economic) that were said to determine people’s...
urban sociology Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...impressionistic discussion of urban lifestyles and personality, viewing the social organization and culture which typified urban areas as the consequence of large population aggregates, thus linking causally the physical characteristics of cities with the social characteristics of their inhabitants. Simmel's analysis and ideas, derived from Darwinian ecology , shaped the Chicago School of urban sociology—the dominant paradigm from the 1920s to the 1950s. The most famous summation of this paradigm occurs in an article ( ‘Urbanism as a Way of Life’, American...
ecology Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...on the environment has resulted in new social and political ecology movements and the growing salience of so-called green issues generally—all of these being topics for sociological research. However, the main influence of ecological concepts on sociological theory occurred between the 1920s and the 1940s in the United States, initially through the development of urban ecology by Chicago sociologists. The ecological perspective was subsequently applied more widely and the terms human or social ecology have often been used in this context. Some human...
Naess, Arne (1912) Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
...philosophy in numerous articles and speeches and through action. The political program of deep ecology was formulated in the Deep Ecology Platform formulated by Arne Naess and George Sessions in 1985 . Because deep ecology questioned a dominating cultural paradigm, that of excessive anthropocentrism, it could claim to rely on a deeper level of argumentation than shallow ecology, that is, on the level of religion and philosophy. A worldview that can support the deep ecology platform is called an ecosophy, a term coined by Naess. A variety of...
