subsistence economy
[Ge] That aspect of social life that revolves around securing food resources.
subsistence economy ([Ge]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
... economy [Ge] That aspect of social life that revolves around securing food...
subsistence economy Quick reference
A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (3 ed.)
... economy An economy in which production meets the minimum needs of the population, but produces no...
subsistence economy Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...subsistence economy An economy that provides the bare minimum requirements for survival. It functions mainly in the absence of cash, and people sustain themselves by drawing upon limited resources in their immediate environment that may be inadequate or barely adequate for survival. ...
subsistence economy Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
... economy An agrarian economy based on production for consumption rather than exchange. Such economies are characterized by low levels of production, yielding a surplus capable of meeting little more than the basic necessities of life, and tend to be seen by development agencies as a major constituent of Third World poverty and a cause of...
Political Economy Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...and thereby kept in step with (or just behind) the growth in the means of subsistence. But his efforts to change public perceptions on the subject also brought the signs of population pressure to the surface—low wages, incessant toil, indigence, and high pre-adolescent mortality rates—with the arithmetic series he posited for the likely maximum rate of increase in subsistence later emerging as a law of diminishing returns that was to dominate post-Smithian political economy [ see *poverty, 12 ]. As interpreted by Malthus, by his friend David *Ricardo ,...
Agricultural History Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...long been accepted, but less emphasis has been placed on the raising and fattening of cattle , which is now recognized to have been the mainstay of the agrarian economy in many parts of northern and western England and much of the rest of the British Isles. By the early 13th century the documentary evidence is sufficient to enable historians to study regions and to observe changes in their economy over time. A recent reappraisal has recognized the role of the market in medieval agriculture. Farmers were partly restricted by soils, climate , manorial...
Population Levels and Trends Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...). The most influential of these earlier works, however, has undoubtedly been Thomas Robert Malthus , Essay on the Principle of Population ( 1798 , extended in a new edn, 1803 ), which argued that the natural tendency of population was to increase faster than the means of subsistence. He was writing at a time when it was evident that baptisms were far exceeding burials in parishes throughout the land, but it was not yet clear that the production of food was also rising. The study of disease attracted scholarly interest in the 19th century, when major...
Poverty Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...argued in the late 1790s that the poor were condemned to misery, since unchecked population growth would always exceed the means of subsistence. Many historians take Malthus 's Essay on the Principle of Population ( 1798 ) as the most significant intervention into the debate on poverty. His argument that population was neither the source nor even an indicator of economic productivity combined elements of *political economy [33] and Evangelical *religion [10] to redefine the relationship between the poor, human nature, and national wealth. It tapped...
Industrialization Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of change in the most advanced sectors of the economy towards a broader and more balanced assessment of society as a whole. While many recent studies of British society follow a conventional chronology by beginning the modern era in the latter half of the eighteenth century, most now accept that the eighteenth century witnessed only the start of processes which were to take much of the next century to spread to the economy and to society at large. Modern work on economic growth, however, would describe an economy growing only gradually until the 1820s, with...
Class Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...1830s. With * Malthusian ideas of political economy gaining ever greater purchase amongst Whig and *Tory politicians and administrators, parliament also set about dismantling the legislative defences of labour in the first two decades of the new century, repealing laws like the Elizabethan Statute of Artificers which had allowed for regulation of apprenticeship, wages, and working conditions. *Petitions from wool-combers or framework knitters objecting to such actions in the language of custom and moral economy were dismissed as Jacobinical, in spite of ...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...Solomon and were certainly completed during his reign. Yet some biblical texts suggest that Davidic military operations brought two important resources: capital, from spoils and tribute; and labor, from war captives. The local economy alone could not have supported such projects without severe deprivations to the indigenous subsistence farmers, nor would local residents endure the hardship of construction-gang work with much enthusiasm. Thus the wealth and labor acquired through war provided the human and fiscal resources for erecting the nation-state's...
Utopianism Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...in New Britain ( 1820 ). There only water is drunk with meals; each member of the population farms and has a trade; labour is confined to four hours daily, and is based upon a principle of ‘moderation and equity’. None possesses more land than is ‘requisite for comfortable subsistence’. Money and barter have been abolished; and labour and trade are governed by the principle that it is wrong ‘for a man to acquire all he can’. Machinery is widely used, but only where it decreases labour. Elected officials are unpaid; there is universal free education; and the...
Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel Reference library
Lawrence E. Stager
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...Mediterranean coast and Cyprus. This event, sketched above as a mass migration of Sea Peoples during the period 1185–1150 bce , may have been precipitated by the dissolution of the highly articulated, finely tuned, hierarchical polities and economies of the Aegean and Anatolia, sometimes called the “palace economy.” Philistines and Israelites: Interaction and Conflict The settlement process for highland Israel had begun...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...was gradual rather than sudden, and different regions (and different sites within those regions) exhibit considerable variation in the pattern and pace of change. Still, by the mid-ninth millennium (a date determined principally by radiocarbon dating), the aeons-old mode of subsistence based on hunting wild game and gathering wild fruits and vegetables was giving way to food production. The domestication of both animals and plants remains one of the most remarkable human accomplishments. Grains and legumes came under cultivation, and the breeding of sheep,...
Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period Reference library
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...generation after the disappearance of Sheshbazzar. Temple building came to a halt, if it had ever begun. Haggai 1 suggests that any early movement toward Temple restoration quickly ran out of steam. Considered realistically, to exiles intent on building homes and organizing a subsistence system, the fields, the “well-roofed houses,” and the wage earning described so bitterly by Haggai could well have mattered more than the Temple. One decade after Sheshbazzar's time, Cyrus's son Cambyses (530–522 bce ) realized his father's dream of conquering Egypt...
Isaiah Reference library
R. Coggins and R. Coggins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...the picture of Zion as a refuge and a shelter, already used in 4:6 , becomes appropriate. ( 25:6–10 a ) Something of the extent of the divine victory is now spelt out. First, it will be celebrated by a banquet, a theme which may embarrass the well-fed West, but which in a subsistence economy is surely a legitimate aspiration. The theme of the banquet is often associated with judgement and victory over enemies (as in ch. 24 ), including death (so v. 7 here), and often (though not in this passage) features the presence of an individual who can be identified as...
hidden economy
paleoenvironmental Reconstruction
