steady-state theory Quick reference
A Dictionary of Astronomy (3 ed.)
...-state theory A cosmological model of a universe which is expanding but has the same density at all times due to the continuous creation of matter. The steady-state theory is based on the perfect cosmological principle , which requires the universe to be the same at all times, as well as in all places. The mathematical solution of the equations of general relativity that results from this principle is the de Sitter universe . For many years the steady-state theory was a rival to the Big Bang theory, but it has fallen out of favour because it is...
steady‐state theory Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
...‐state theory Cosmological theory proposed ( 1948 ) by Austrian astronomers Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold , and further developed by Fred Hoyle and others. According to this theory, the universe has always existed; it had no beginning and will continue forever. Although the universe is expanding, it maintains its average density – steady‐state – through the continuous creation of new matter. Most cosmologists now reject the theory because it cannot explain background radiation or the observation that the appearance of the universe changes with...
steady-state theory Quick reference
A Dictionary of Physics (8 ed.)
...steady-state theory The cosmological theory that the universe has always existed in a steady state, that it had no beginning, will have no end, and has a constant mean density. To compensate for the observed expansion of the universe this theory postulates that matter is created throughout the universe at a rate of about 10 −10 nucleon per metre cubed per year as a property of space. Because it has failed to account for the microwave background radiation or the evidence of evolution in the universe it has lost favour to the big-bang theory . It was...
Steady state theory Reference library
Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable (2 ed.)
... state theory . A theory explaining the origin of the universe, and contrasting with the more popular Big Bang theory. It claims that the universe exists in time in a ‘steady state’, i.e. in such a way that the average density of matter does not vary with distance or time. Matter is thus continually being created in the space left by the receding stars and galaxies of the expanding universe. The theory was propounded in 1948 as the ‘perfect cosmological principle’ by three British scientists: Fred Hoyle , Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold...
steady-state theory
Minorities in a Democracy Reference library
Humayun Kabir
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...in theory, we find similar restrictions in other parts of the world. Some of you will remember that only seven years ago, when Mr. [John F.] Kennedy [1917–1963] was seeking election to the office of the President of the USA, it was for a long time debated whether he would be elected because of his religious faith. While in practice the idea of a secular State has steadily gained acceptance, in theory it remained for a long time unrecognized and is still unrecognized in large areas of the world. The practical recognition of the secular State dates...
Architecture Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
... Salomon Van Ruysdael or Claude Lorrain and above all else on the actual English countryside, picturesque theory valued variety, irregularity, mutability, and contingency. The ruin was the archetypal picturesque structure. Picturesque architecture was supposed to strike the eye with a more vivid physical sensation and, for the knowledgeable, evoke pleasant sensations of remembered paintings and scenes. Indeed, what is so remarkable about the theory of the picturesque is the degree to which it was conceived in relation to its audience. In a revolutionary...
Policing Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...to be filled annually by local ratepayers, though a paid deputy often did the actual work). The theory was that the JP kept law and order in each small parish or township largely by his influence and paternalist control over ‘his’ people; the constables, well-known to the local inhabitants, did the day-to-day work of arresting offenders and serving warrants. The process of *law [8] enforcement was essentially one of collective self-help with some local state assistance: if an offence was committed against property or persons, the latter were responsible...
Religion Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...), a future Bishop of Gloucester, published The Alliance between Church and State , in which he set out the essential terms of the relationship. As he saw it, the ruler would ‘establish’—that is make official and supported by the civil power—the religion of the majority of his subjects; the two powers would then enter upon a compact defining the precise obligations of each. The Church of England, which assuredly claimed the allegiance of most English men and women, was in theory the ecclesiastical parallel to civil society. Under the governance of the king,...
Philippians Reference library
Robert Murray, SJ and Robert Murray, SJ
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...by which something comes to be approved. ‘What is best’ is literally ‘the things that are different’ i.e. morally better. Such choices lived out will lead Christians to such a state that Christ at his return will find them to be ‘pure and blameless’. The former word probably refers especially to motives; the latter (lit. with no stumbling) may refer both to moral steadiness and to not causing others to stumble. All this will bear the ‘harvest of righteousness’ through Christ's gift and to God's glory. Paul's prayer contains a whole cluster of pregnant...
Education Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...likes of Mrs Trimmer and Mrs More by a more rational education, involving the reading and discussion of political literature. At all age levels, and in all classes, the formal schooling of women was not nearly as far advanced as men's, and female literacy, while increasing steadily between 1750 and 1850 , still lagged behind male rates by as much as 25 per cent. But although restricted by the imperatives of domesticity, opportunities for female education were far from negligible, and struck a visiting Frenchman of the mid-1780s, cited in the ...
28 The History of the Book in Italy Reference library
Neil Harris
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...cities (Rome, Venice, Ferrara, Milan, and Bologna) maintained unbroken publishing activity up to and including the 16 th century. In another five (Florence, Naples, Parma, Modena, and Turin), printing had a false start, but was introduced a second time and afterwards proceeded steadily. In another two (Brescia and Siena), the new ars ran well during the 15 th century, once under way, but suffered major setbacks in the 16 th century. To understand why the printing seed was often sown but rarely flowered, one episode is particularly instructive, because...
The New Testament Reference library
David Parker
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...and with it the theory of groupings of manuscripts which had been proposed? The evidence at first was inconclusive. It had been claimed in 1924 that some manuscripts contain a ‘Caesarean text’, that is, one which came from and was in use in Caesarea. The Chester Beatty gospel manuscript cast some doubt on this, for it appeared to have some of the features of the Caesarean text, but not all. Other papyri likewise showed some characteristics of the later texts, but not all, or showed characteristics of more than one later text. The theory began to emerge that...
20a The History of the Book in Britain, c.1475–1800 Reference library
Andrew Murphy
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...in the mid-16 th century fractured irretrievably in the face of the proliferation of publishing activity prompted by the Civil War and its aftermath. Throughout the Interregnum, Parliament struggled to reimpose some form of order and control on the publishing trade, but with steadily diminishing results over time. In the wake of the Restoration, an attempt was made to return to the status quo. An Act passed in 1662 sought to reinstate the old order, with one notable innovation: the appointment of an official surveyor and licenser of the press. This role...
The Four Gospels in Synopsis Reference library
Henry Wansbrough
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...difficulty for the Griesbach theory is, however, why Mark should have written a gospel (and why the church should have accepted it) in which he deliberately omitted so much that is valuable: the infancy stories, the beatitudes, the Lord's prayer, the resurrection appearances, and many other important and favourite passages which had already been included in Matthew and Luke. 2. The Two-Source Theory. Since it was extensively proposed by C. Lachmann in 1835, seconded by C. G. Wilke and H. Weisse in 1838, the Two-Source theory has won over-whelming acceptance,...
Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt Reference library
Carol A. Redmount
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...Thematically, the Exodus chronicle culminates with the conquest of Canaan, but in the canon we now possess this climactic event is postponed until Joshua, a book not part of the Pentateuch. In recent years, challenges to the Documentary Hypothesis have increased steadily. The content, the date, and even the existence of some of the sources have been questioned, and the validity of the approach itself impugned. A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars...
38 The History of the Book in the Muslim World Reference library
Geoffrey Roper
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Napoleonic period. Subsequently it provided a model for other types, notably that of the Congregatio de *Propaganda Fide , which had a monopoly on Arabic printing in Rome from 1622 onwards, and that of the monastic presses of 18 th -century Romania ( see 31 ). There was a steady flow of Arabic printed books from most of the European centres of learning during the 17 th –19 th centuries. After *Granjon , other leading typographers, such as *Caslon and *Bodoni , were also involved in the design of Arabic founts. As well as Orientalist editions, the...
Mark Reference library
C. M. Tuckett and C. M. Tuckett
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...appearances and the ending has been lost (by accident or deliberate suppression), or he was prevented from finishing his work (e.g. by illness, or by being arrested). Neither of these theories is entirely satisfactory: one would expect a lost ending to be restored, and theories about Mark's personal circumstances are entirely speculative. In any case such theories depend heavily on preconceived ideas about what a gospel narrative, in particular the conclusion to such a narrative, ‘must’ contain. Without such preconceptions, the onus is probably on the...
“There Was No King in Israel”: The Era of the Judges Reference library
Jo Ann Hackett
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...Greece and Rome. (In the six-tribe leagues, each tribe would care for the sanctuary for two months of each year.) Noth's amphictyonic theory of early Israel, though ingenious, depended on Greek sources that date much later than early Israel, and no archaeological evidence for a central shrine in the era of the judges has been uncovered. Nor was there much biblical evidence to support the theory: no scenes of one tribe at a time taking care of a central sanctuary to which all the other tribes, during this period, are seen to travel during...
Isaiah Reference library
R. Coggins and R. Coggins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...in them ‘a coherent and functional literary unit’ ( Wiklander 1984 , p. ix ) a theory based on an elaborate text-linguistic foundation. On this reading the basic theme is the ‘restoration of the covenant by means of a lawsuit involving Yhwh, Judah and the nations’ (ibid. 114). It is an interesting theory which anticipates some more recent literary readings, but suffers from the serious weakness that the word covenant does not occur in these chapters! Nevertheless the theory that a unifying structure can be discerned in this material, beginning ( 2:2–4 )...
