sanitary revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...sanitary revolution The term commonly applied to the set of policies and actions implemented in western Europe and North America, beginning in the last third of the 19th century after several severe cholera epidemics and as knowledge accumulated about polluted water as the causes of this and other filth diseases transmitted in dirty water or food. Provision of safe drinking water, sanitary disposal of human and animal waste, and hygienic food handling led directly to a spectacular decline in death rates from all the diarrheal diseases, notably among...
sanitary revolution
Towns Quick reference
David M. Palliser
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...natural increase. Overcrowding and insanitary conditions were widespread, and the cholera outbreaks of 1831–2 and later killed thousands through water infected by sewage. However, these outbreaks provoked a series of important sanitary measures, including the 1848 Public Health Act and the institution of municipal sanitary inspectors in 1866 . In 1875 another Public Health Act offered wide powers to all municipalities, and a Housing Act allowed them to clear and rebuild slums. A new spirit of municipal enterprise—seen strikingly, for instance, in...
Local Government Quick reference
R. W. Hoyle
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...After the Highways Act of 1862 the magistrates joined parishes together as Highway Boards for the maintenance of roads; waged labour paid from the rates, replacing the ‘ statute labour ’ days. Further statutes of 1873 and 1875 created an even system of urban and rural sanitary districts, piecemeal reform again establishing bodies for specific purposes rather than omni‐competent local authorities. Nationally, in 1870 local administration in England and Wales was divided between 65 counties and 97 boroughs holding their own quarter sessions, 224...
Flinn, Michael Walter (1917–83) Reference library
The Biographical Dictionary of British Economists
...development of nail-making into a large-scale firm practising paternalistic capitalism with an imaginative arbitration system. In his Origins of the Industrial Revolution ( 1966 ), he included an outstanding explanation of the social origins of the revolution (Saul 1984: vi). Gradually Flinn turned to demography and related aspects of social history. He showed his mastery of the literature on sanitary reform in his edition of Edwin chadwick ’s report ( 1965 ), headed a team to study Scottish population changes, and later examined European demographic change....
Public Health Reference library
Cathy Gere
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...Association held its first meeting, and thereafter annual sanitary conferences, as well as journals with names like The Sanitary Messenger , disseminated information that made its way into the popular press. Despite the rugged individualism of nineteenth-century America and some deep-rooted suspicion of the medical profession, public-health institutions continued to grow, bringing sanitary engineering to most major cities between 1870 and 1890 . Germ Theory. The burgeoning field of sanitary science received an influx of new resources with the...
Contagious Disease and Public Health in the American City Reference library
Daniel Wilson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History
...culminated in several national sanitary conventions between 1857 and 1860 , which marked the beginnings of an American sanitary revolution. The conventions led to a reform of quarantine regulations, but significantly they began to shift the focus from quarantines to sanitary and environmental components of public health. 31 The American Civil War ( 1861–1865 ) strengthened the nascent sanitary reform efforts. The activities of the US Sanitary Commission during the war demonstrated the effectiveness of the sanitary disposal of human waste; that scurvy...
cremation Reference library
Douglas J Davies
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...use of burial is attested by the evidence of the catacombs at Rome and by the 5th cent. Christian influence had caused it to be abandoned throughout the Roman empire. Modern cremation, following technology born of the industrial revolution, emerged in the 19th cent. largely in free-thinking circles, often motivated by sanitary reform. By the late 1960s most Christians had accepted the practice. The Catholic Church had forbidden cremation from 1886 until 1963 partly for theological reasons and in response to anti-Catholic cremationists, including some...
Childs Reference library
Cindy R. Lobel
Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover’s Companion to New York City
...Childs restaurants with other properties. Childs was notable for its devotion to sanitary conditions as a chain restaurant. This photo was taken in 1900 , when it already had more than five locations, which would grow to thirty-two over the next three decades. museum of the city of new york Batterberry, Michael , and Arianne Batterberry . On the Town in New York: The Landmark History of Eating, Drinking, and Entertainments from the American Revolution to the Food Revolution . New York: Routledge, 1999. Gray, Christopher . “Streetscapes: The Childs Building;...
Waste Management (Natural Resources and Sustainability) Reference library
Martin V. MELOSI
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability
... Poor Law Commission’s Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain , authored by Edwin Chadwick , came to the conclusion that communicable disease was related to filthy environmental conditions. The filth—or miasmatic—theory of disease was the most significant force for promoting environmental sanitation until the twentieth century, when the germ theory identified bacteria as the culprit in spreading communicable diseases. While Europe was in the throes of its Industrial Revolution, the United States was just emerging as...
Waste Management Reference library
Martin V. MELOSI
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
... Poor Law Commission’s Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain , authored by Edwin Chadwick , came to the conclusion that communicable disease was related to filthy environmental conditions. The filth—or miasmatic—theory of disease was the most significant force for promoting environmental sanitation until the twentieth century, when the germ theory identified bacteria as the culprit in spreading communicable diseases. While Europe was in the throes of its Industrial Revolution, the United States was just emerging as...
Water and Sewers in the American City Reference library
Joel A. Tarr
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Urban History
...a systematic, sanitary, and self-acting technological system for a set of haphazard, inefficient, and unhealthful methods for dealing with the problems of human wastes, wastewater, and storm water. The debate focused on technology choice—should the sewer system be a separate, small pipe system that carried only domestic and industrial wastes, the technology advocated by the famous sanitarian Col. George E. Waring Jr.? Or should it be a larger, combined system that could accommodate both wastewater and storm water, as sanitary engineer Rudolf Hering...
Industrial Revolution Reference library
Joel Mokyr
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
... To make things worse, the Industrial Revolution was accompanied by rapid urbanization. The industrial towns, such as Manchester and Glasgow, grew at unprecedented rates, attracting thousands of rural workers or their family members. Yet life in the early industrial towns was very unpleasant. The overhead capital in cities—devoted to water supply, sewage and garbage disposal—could not accommodate the sudden surge in the number of inhabitants. People lived in overcrowded, dirty, ugly, dark tenements, and poor sanitary conditions led to high mortality rates....
Wedgwood, Josiah (1730–95) Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...Ever attentive to public relations, Wedgwood displayed it at his new London showroom. In 1774 he issued the industry's first catalogue (of Queen's Ware). During the mid-1760s he entered separate partnerships with his cousin, Thomas Wedgwood , for ‘useful ware’ (tableware and sanitary ware), and with Thomas Bentley ( 1731–80 ), a Liverpool merchant, for ‘ornamental ware’ (vases, cameos, and figures). Bentley's presence in London society was invaluable: he courted aristocratic patronage and advised Wedgwood on shifts in fashion, encouraging him to reject...
housing Reference library
Ian John Ernest Keil
The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.)
...formed building societies. Not all housing was of good quality and some landlords built cheap and often badly constructed buildings, which rapidly became slums because of overcrowding. These slums attracted the attention of Parliament, municipalities, and social reformers. The sanitary laws of the second half of the 19th cent. stipulated minimum standards for new dwellings. Liverpool corporation erected the first council housing in 1867 . However the provision of housing at public expense did not become government policy until the 20th cent. The slum...
Cream Reference library
Sara Rath
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...in My Coffee . The famous egg cream soda fountain confection first produced in New York City contains neither eggs nor cream. [ See also Butter ; Creams, Dessert ; Dairy ; Milk ; Syllabub .] Bibliography Beeton, Mrs. Isabella Mary . The Book of Household Management … also, Sanitary, Medical, and Legal Memoranda; with a History of the Origin, Properties, and Uses of All Things Connected with Home Life and Comfort . London: S. O. Beeton, 1861. Rath, Sara . About Cows . Minocqua, Wisc.: NorthWord Press, 1987. Sara...
Tenayuca, Emma (1916–1999) Reference library
Yolanda Chávez Leyva
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
...In the 1930s, Tenayuca played a vital role in labor organizing throughout San Antonio, writing pamphlets, planning strategies, and speaking. At sixteen, Tenayuca had become involved with the Finck Cigar strike. The Texas Women’s Bureau had cited the cigar factory as the least sanitary and lowest-paying employer in the city. In 1937 she was named general secretary of ten chapters of the Workers Alliance of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), an organization that fought for workers’ rights and for equal access to relief programs. When between six...
Pneumatics Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
...tradition of pneumatic medicine, which linked sanitary improvement and urban planning to social and political reform. This tradition reached its culmination in the Pneumatic Institution, founded by Thomas Beddoes ( 1760–1808 ) in 1797 . The counter-Enlightenment backlash in the late eighteenth century closed the Institution, ruined Beddoes's reputation, and drove Priestley into political exile in America.Before his untimely death in the French Revolution, Lavoisier engineered a revolution in chemistry by integrating the experimental results of...
Lunch Reference library
Megan Elias
Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover’s Companion to New York City
...and sweets. For working-class women, street carts or food brought from home remained the only options. See department store restaurants ; hotel restaurants ; and street vendors . By the end of the nineteenth century, lunch pioneers William and Samuel Child saw a niche for sanitary and modern lunch restaurants. They opened their first restaurants in the Wall Street neighborhood in the 1890s, catering to the business crowd, and eventually operated nine restaurants around New York City. The Childs amazed the public with their first self-serve cafeteria in ...
Public Health Reference library
John C. Brown
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...The capital investment required for these sanitary investments was substantial, particularly when measured against the resources available to pay for it. The payments for the amortization, interest, and costs of maintenance of these facilities would cost up to four days of work for the German or American unskilled worker at the end of the nineteenth century. The focus on environmental sources of disease also prompted attention to improving the disposal of other municipal wastes. The bacteriological revolution shifted the focus from testing milk and other...
