sample
(in statistics) A selection of individual units from a population intended to yield some knowledge and truths about the population.
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Business Research Methods
... The practice of selecting a sample from a population for the purposes of research . See also probability sampling , non-probability ...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...sampling The process of selecting a sample. In scientific studies this utilizes a formal, acceptable, explicit sampling method, such as the use of a table of random numbers to allocate individuals, entities, or definable units to be included in or excluded from a sample. ...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Physics (8 ed.)
...sampling The selection of small groups of entities to represent a large number of entities in statistics . In random sampling each individual of a population has an equal chance of being selected as part of the sample. In stratified random sampling , the population is divided into strata, each of which is randomly sampled and the samples from the different strata are pooled. In systematic sampling , individuals are chosen at fixed intervals; for example, every hundredth article on a production line. In sampling with replacement , each individual...
sampling ([Ge]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
... [Ge] The process of taking a defined and quantified proportion of a larger population of target items as being representative of the population as a whole. A number of sampling schemes are commonly used in archaeology including simple random sampling , stratified sampling , and systematic sampling...
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A Dictionary of Human Geography
...then each sampled using the simple random method), and the multistage random sample (the sampling frame divided into hierarchical levels or stages, wherein each level is sampled using a simple random method which selects the elements to be included at the next level). A judgemental sample (also known as a purposive sample) is the most subjective sampling method. Sampling elements are selected based on the interviewer’s experience that they are likely to produce the required results. A quota sample selects those elements to be included in the sample on the...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering (2 ed.)
...sampling The process of measuring a series of values of a time-varying...
sampling
Dictionary of the Social Sciences
... In social research, the use of a small set of a population to represent the total population, generally because of the prohibitive cost of collecting information from a large group. There are a variety of sampling techniques applicable to different kinds of groups. The chief principle underlying all sampling methods is that the sample is randomly determined in order to minimize the risk of selection biases. The reliability of a sample can be evaluated by looking at the standard deviation of the distribution of data. In general, the standard error...
Sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Epidemiology (6 ed.)
...Sampling The process of selecting a number of subjects from all the subjects in a particular group, or “universe.” Statistical inference based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled. Any extrapolation or Generalization to a larger or different population involves judgments about population differences, along with any available data pertaining to the difference, and is not part of conventional statistical inference; bayesian statistical methods can incorporate some of these issues. 1 , 7 , 25 , 26 , 34 , 37 s...
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A Dictionary of Computer Science (7 ed.)
...of its mean in a sample is the population variance divided by the sample size. This formula can then be used to indicate an appropriate sample size. A population is a complete set of items about which information is required. It must be defined before selecting the sample or results may be ill-defined. The sample is the basis for inference about probability distributions of measurements on the population. Problems of sampling include avoidance of bias and selection of enough samples to ensure adequate precision. Random sampling is the process that...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...determining how representative the sample is. A sample of about 2500 persons has broadly the same reliability and representativeness, whether it comes from a population of 100 000 persons or one million persons. Samples of 2000–2500 are in fact the most common size for national samples, especially when a fairly narrow range of characteristics is being studied. There are a variety of sample designs for probability sampling. A random sample, or simple random sample, is one in which each case has an equal chance (or equal probability) of selection, so that the...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Marketing (4 ed.)
... The method by which the sample is selected. There are two major types of sampling: probability and non-probability. Probability sampling is where every element of the population has an equal chance of being part of the sample. Common types of probability sampling include random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. • Random sampling is typically done by computer-generated random numbers. Phone calls can be made with a random number dialler. A random sample is based upon chance where each element has equal...
Sampling Reference library
Will Fulford-Jones and Anne Beetem Acker
The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2 ed.)
...to loudness) to select the sample for that volume. Looping (a term borrowed from looping magnetic tape) is used to extend the duration of a played note longer than the sample length by repeating the middle portion of a sample, between the note’s attack and decay. ‘Key switching’ is used when different articulations are sampled and stored in the sample library. Multi-sampled, keymapped, velocity-switched, and looped sample sets, plus any modifications and modulations from a sample, form the core of a ‘sampler patch’. A sample library can be accessed with its...
sampling Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Music (6 ed.)
... The extraction of portions of sound—‘samples’—from recorded media, and their reuse as material for new recordings. A constituent technique of hip hop , early sampling involved vinyl recordings—it can also refer to the use of tape loops by, e.g., Reich— but is today more typically accomplished through digital tech. and has become common across styles of pop music. Potential sources for samples are limitless, but are commonly breaks , riffs , portions of speech, instr sounds, etc. See also remix...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Media and Communication (3 ed.)
... 1. In research and statistics, the process of selecting individuals from a larger population: a sample designed to be representative in relevant respects as a basis for inferences about the larger population. Sample size refers to the number of people selected. See also data-gathering . 2. The act of digitizing sound information in a computer or sampler —a keyboard instrument which pitch-shifts sampled sounds to create musical intervals: see also bricolage ; copyright ; mashup . ...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Biology (8 ed.)
...sampling In statistics and experimental design, the selection of a small group of entities to represent a larger population of entities. In random sampling , a chance process is used so that each individual of a population has an equal chance of being selected as part of the sample. In stratified sampling , the population is divided into subgroups or strata (e.g. male and female), and the number of individuals chosen from each corresponds to the relative size of that group within the population. In systematic sampling , individuals are chosen at fixed...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (3 ed.)
... The process of selecting a representative set of specimens from the full population , so that the subset can be used to make inferences about the population as a...
sampling Reference library
Peter Manning
The Oxford Companion to Music
...sampling . 1 The analysis of sounds by digital *synthesizers . Sampling techniques have been widely used in the production of individual voices for commercial synthesizers: instead of generating sounds artificially from first principles, short extracts from acoustic instruments or other suitable sources are digitized, edited, and stored in a memory bank, ready for resynthesis. Peter Manning 2 A process initiated with the birth of hip-hop in the late 1970s, whereby DJs mixed dance music on vinyl records. M. Russ , Sound Synthesis and Sampling (Oxford,...
sampling Reference library
Julia Harding and Richard Smart
The Oxford Companion to Wine (5 ed.)
...on grape composition, typically on sugar levels. During fermentation samples are taken at least daily to verify the regular conversion of sugars to alcohol . Later, during élevage , regular sampling provides the winemaker with valuable guidance. Finally, shortly before bottling , samples are taken for detailed analysis to ensure that the wine meets all regulations and is free of faults and contaminants . An important part of selling wine en primeur is the release of cask samples drawn from the containers in which the wine is still being matured,...
Sampling Reference library
David R. Abbott
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...to comprise a sample that includes a disproportionate number of decorated specimens. To avoid sampling bias, every element in the population must be given an equal and independent chance of being selected. This procedure, called “random sampling,” maximizes the likelihood of selecting a representative sample. Moreover, it allows the application of statistical models that specify the degree to which an estimate derived from the sample is likely to deviate from the actual value of the population characteristic in question. Random sampling works in...
sampling Quick reference
A Dictionary of Electronics and Electrical Engineering (5 ed.)
... 1. A technique in which only some portions of an electrical signal are measured and are used to produce a set of discrete values that is representative of the information contained in the whole. In order that the output values represent the input signal without significant loss of information, the rate of sampling – the sampling frequency – of a periodic quantity must be at least twice the frequency of the highest component in the signal. The minimum sampling frequency is known as the Nyquist rate . A sampling circuit is used to produce a set of...
