reversal theory Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine (3 ed.)
... theory A theory that proposes that the needs and desires directing human behaviour switch back and forth between one state of mind and another during the course of a day. According to reversal theory, motivational states occur in four pairs of alternative states (called metamotivational states): the telic state and paratelic state; conformist state and negativist state ; mastery state and sympathy state ; and autic state and alloic states . These states combine with each other in various ways at different times to bring about the full range...
reversal theory Quick reference
Food and Fitness: A Dictionary of Diet and Exercise (2 ed.)
... theory A theory which proposes that the motivations and emotions directing human behaviour switch back and forth between one state of mind and another during the course of a day. In sports psychology, reversal theory adopts the view that, because of these alternating changes in his or her state of mind, an athlete behaves in a complex, changeable, and inconsistent way; he or she is not genetically determined or compelled to respond to a situation in a fixed manner. For example, during a competition an athlete might perceive the arousal produced by a...
reversal theory
Jeremiah Reference library
Kathleen M. O'Connor and Kathleen M. O'Connor
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...broken family is healed and renewed. ( 30:5–17 ) Two poetic panels, the first addressed to male Israel and the second to daughter Zion, depict reversals of fortunes in literary movements from panic ( vv. 5–7 ) to fearlessness ( vv. 10–11 ) and from incurable wounds ( vv. 12–15 ) to restored health ( vv. 16–17 ). In both instances, the reversal occurs without transition or explanation. Both panels imagine reversal as a change within YHWH, not within Jacob or Zion. vv. 5–11 , in the opening verse a speaker announces the sound of a terrifying voice ( qôl )....
2 Corinthians Reference library
Margaret MacDonald and Margaret MacDonald
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...Corinthians is made up of more than one of Paul's letters. Although there is no MS evidence to support this theory, there are several problems in the text as we have it which raise the question of its unity. Among the more serious difficulties is the sharp break between the conciliatory tone of chs. 1–9 and the harsh, sarcastic tone of chs. 10–13 . Several partition theories have been developed in order to explain these difficulties, and these theories may be divided into two major schools. (1) Some scholars divide the text into five or six fragments and then...
Philippians Reference library
Robert Murray, SJ and Robert Murray, SJ
The Oxford Bible Commentary
... 1985 ; see phil f ). 4. The theory that 2:6–11 is an already existing hymn that Paul quotes for his purpose, first proposed by Lohmeyer ( 1928 ), has come to dominate both exegesis of Philippians and study of early Christology and credal formulas, though the term ‘hymn’ remains imprecisely defined and the theory still takes various forms, including earlier composition by Paul. The literature is enormous; with the standard survey by Martin ( 1983 ); see now O'Brien ( 1991 : 186–271 ). A rare voice questioning the theory's solidity and value for exegesis...
The Four Gospels in Synopsis Reference library
Henry Wansbrough
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...difficulty for the Griesbach theory is, however, why Mark should have written a gospel (and why the church should have accepted it) in which he deliberately omitted so much that is valuable: the infancy stories, the beatitudes, the Lord's prayer, the resurrection appearances, and many other important and favourite passages which had already been included in Matthew and Luke. 2. The Two-Source Theory. Since it was extensively proposed by C. Lachmann in 1835, seconded by C. G. Wilke and H. Weisse in 1838, the Two-Source theory has won over-whelming acceptance,...
Political Economy Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of payment for any given piece of land being dependent on inherent natural differences in fertility. The passivity of rent as a form of income, if not its illegitimacy, was underlined. This allowed Ricardo to achieve a startling reversal of what had been one of Smith's most confident assertions: that since landowners received a form of income that rose in the course of economic growth, their interest as an economic class was identical with that of the community at large. Smith had based this assertion on the opinion that landowners, unlike merchants and...
Baruch Reference library
Alison Salvesen and Alison Salvesen
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...and he linked it to the seven sabbaths around the ninth of Ab, the fast on which the destruction of the temple was commemorated. While few scholars have accepted his theory, it does at least attempt to explain the association of three such disparate documents. In addition, the first part explicitly provides a communal confession to be read in the temple on behalf of diaspora Jewry, a reversal of the situation in 2 Macc 2:16 , where the Judean Jews instruct the Jews of Alexandria to keep the Feast of Dedication. D. The Religious Teaching. The theology of the...
The New Testament Reference library
David Parker
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...writers from the first printed Greek New Testaments of the sixteenth century; another seventeen stand between that epoch and our own. That first period consisted of a huge process of copyings, increasingly distant from the original texts. The second period has proved to be a reversal of that process. It is therefore possible to tell the two stories together, to describe the Greek manuscripts and the translations of the New Testament through the history of European scholarship. Sixteenth-century Scholarship and Its Influence When the humanists...
Esther (Greek) Reference library
Adele Reinhartz and Adele Reinhartz
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...continues to ponder it after he awakes. The dream provides an interpretative framework for the book which it introduces, encouraging us to see it as an apocalyptic battle in which the Gentiles' attempt to destroy the Jews will be thwarted by God, resulting in salvation and the reversal of the status quo in which the Jewish nation is in a subordinate position to others. The broad context of danger and salvation is provided not only by the reference to the Babylonian Exile, but also by the date of Mordecai's dream, namely, the first of Nisan. The main event of...
Romans Reference library
Craig C. Hill and Craig C. Hill
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...last days is already being fulfilled, not least in his own ministry. (Note, for example, how Paul's description in Rom 15:25–6 —see also the quotations in vv. 9–12 —draws on Isa 66:18–22 .) In Rom 11:25–7 Paul explains this ‘mystery’: present Jewish unbelief has effected a reversal of the eschatological timetable; contrary to expectation, it is the Gentiles who will enter first, after which God will act to save ‘all Israel’. Much of what is peculiar to Pauline theology is derived from this perspective: admission of Gentiles is not foreshadow; it is...
Job Reference library
James L. Crenshaw and James L. Crenshaw
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...3 are complete numbers) and possessions (7,000 sheep, 3,000 camels, 500 each of oxen and she-asses; 7 and 3 again, equalling 10; 5 and 5 equals ten, a complete number). The description moves outward, from the most intimate to the most distant ( Newsom, 1996 : 349 ). v. 1 , the reversal of normal order for the verb calls attention to the predicate, Job. A complete ( tām has this meaning rather than ‘perfection’) man of integrity, he was also morally straight, religious, and ethical. A non-Israelite, his home was Transjordanian Uz, a name probably chosen as an...
Sensibility Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...were thought to suit women's nervous systems and education, the form also encouraged them to express their preoccupations with the gender arrangements governing domestic lives. Women's entering fictional worlds coincided with their entering public life for pleasure, a dramatic reversal of their exclusion from most recreational culture. The burgeoning attractions of shopping and commercialized entertainments such as balls, *masquerades , and *concerts drew women irresistibly out of the home into the newly ordered urban spaces, such as *pleasure gardens , ...
Isaiah Reference library
R. Coggins and R. Coggins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...to see in these verses the reversal of the threat in 6:12 . There the emptiness was ‘vast’ and the inhabitants of the land were sent ‘far away’. Now the land is crowded and it is the destroyers who are sent ‘far away’ ( Williamson 1994 : 53–4 , who also draws attention to links with 5:8–10 ). ( 49:22–3 ) Again it is natural to read this passage as a deliberate reversal of a threat found earlier in the book. At 5:26 God had raised a signal to a distant nation, calling it to carry off Israel like prey. The promise of a reversal of that threat, already...
Mark Reference library
C. M. Tuckett and C. M. Tuckett
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...appearances and the ending has been lost (by accident or deliberate suppression), or he was prevented from finishing his work (e.g. by illness, or by being arrested). Neither of these theories is entirely satisfactory: one would expect a lost ending to be restored, and theories about Mark's personal circumstances are entirely speculative. In any case such theories depend heavily on preconceived ideas about what a gospel narrative, in particular the conclusion to such a narrative, ‘must’ contain. Without such preconceptions, the onus is probably on the...
Between Alexandria and Antioch: Jews and Judaism in the Hellenistic Period Reference library
Leonard J. Greenspoon
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...the threat of extinction by decree or military engagement for Jews to recognize that their own circumstances were dramatically mirrored in these novels. The dramatic nature of these literary works is one of the keys to their genre. They are filled with clever reversals of fortune on a personal and grand scale; they delve deeply into personal motivation and character development (something largely absent in other biblical material; adding such developments is a major goal of several of the Greek additions to the earlier Hebrew story of Esther),...
Amos Reference library
Jennifer M. Dines and Jennifer M. Dines
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...cultic occasion ( cf. vv. 4–5 ). ‘Your God’ ( ᾽ĕlōhêkā ) reinforces this; the title is used for the first time ( cf. 8:14; 9:15 ; contrast 2:8 ). But the God awaiting them is not a benevolent deity gratefully accepting gifts. The true nature of the religious situation, with its reversal of expectations, merely hinted at here, is spelled out in 5:18–20 . v. 13 , doxology: in the style of a liturgical praise-song, YHWH is celebrated as Creator and his ‘name’ evoked ( cf. 2:7 ). This is the first of three ‘hymnic/judgement doxologies’ ( Crenshaw 1975 ; cf. 5:8;...
Judith Reference library
Amy-Jill Levine and Amy-Jill Levine
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...the Hebrew word bĕtûlâ , meaning virgin, even as it sounds like bêt-᾽ēl (‘house of God’) and bêt-᾽āliyâ (house of ascents). Dinah's name goes unmentioned, and this omission highlights the connection to Bethulia even as it places increasing emphasis on Simeon. Finally, in a reversal of the episode of Dinah, who ‘went out’ ( Gen 34:1 ) to visit the women of the land but instead was attacked by Shechem, the local prince, Judith will go out to the Gentile camp, where she will ‘unman’ the general who had planned her seduction. The mention of deception in v. 3 ...
5 The European Medieval Book Reference library
Christopher de Hamel
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of many classical texts. The handsome appearance of many Carolingian books is a reflection of European prosperity and an evident desire for order and legibility. In England, however, book production fell off dramatically during the Viking invasions of the 9 th century. In a reversal of Charlemagne and Alcuin , Alfred the Great , king of Wessex 871–99 , brought scholars from France—such as Grimbald of St-Bertin (d. 901 )—to revive learning in England. The Carolingian script was promoted in England, especially in Winchester under Aethelwold, bishop ...
