representation gap Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Resource Management (3 ed.)
...representation gap The representation gap refers to the fact that a significant proportion of workers in non-union enterprises would like to be represented either by a trade union or by some other form of representative body. It is a product of the decline of trade unionism and collective bargaining and the continued aspiration of many employees to participate in the governance of industry through representative institutions. The existence of the representation gap suggests that for many workers management communication and attempts at employee...
representation gap
On the Future of Women and Politics in the Arab World Reference library
Heba Raouf Ezzat
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...of women in decision-making positions in the executive, in the legislative, in the political parties, etc. provides either a gloomy picture of women's under representation in politics, or a bright picture about their rising political role and their emerging power. (The case of Morocco is seen as a striking example.) A new definition of political participation should try to bridge the conceptual gap between the public and the private, and engage in re-defining the “Political” in terms of power relations rather than power structures, understanding that the...
Minorities in a Democracy Reference library
Humayun Kabir
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...and because knowledge was and is power, knowledge was the prerogative of a privileged class. It was Islam which broke that barrier down and made knowledge accessible and indeed obligatory on a universal scale. In practice there was however a great gap between what was laid down and what was actually carried out. It is one of the ironies of history that in India at least, Islam which has declared that it is an obligation for every man and woman to acquire learning, the Muslims are one of the most backward communities so far as...
22 The History of the Book in France Reference library
Vincent Giroud
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...resulting in the supremacy of Paris, always but never successfully challenged. The second is a long tradition, beyond regime changes, of state intervention or control in cultural matters. Yet this situation also carries contradictions and paradoxes, including the perpetual gap between cultural policies, stated or implemented, and a reality that, through inertia or active resistance, counters them. 2 The MS age Books, in France as everywhere else, preceded printing. By the 2 nd century ad in Gaul, dealers in *codices were established in the major...
Literary Theory Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...and collaboration between the creative powers of the mind and those ultimately divine creative powers in nature. By identifying in imagination the absolute ground of both human and natural worlds, in a way which avoids the charge of solipsism, Coleridge hopes to close the gap between subject and object, mind and nature, thought and thing. The privileged agent of this reconciliation is art, which Coleridge, under the influence of Friedrich William Schelling ( 1775–1854 ), defines in ‘On Poesy or Art’ ( 1818–19 ) ‘as of a middle quality between a...
Education Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...dry up, and their expansion halted. Anything approaching systematic organization of lower-class schooling in England and Wales, let alone an integrated national structure supervised or subsidized by the state, had to await the nineteenth century. Individual enterprise filled many gaps, however. A large array of institutions, embracing a large range of age groups, pedagogic methods, and social levels, were represented under the category of ‘unendowed’ or ‘private venture’ schools, as used by the Brougham parliamentary committee early on in the new century. It is...
Accountability, Parliament, and Ijtihad Reference library
S. M. Zafar
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...them in this matter, and this government should save them from the person who sells them short. And when the government, having acknowledged their rights, makes a law which can save buyers from dishonest sellers, or can punish them, then the triangle becomes complete. Otherwise, a gap is left. Let's extend this example and see that if the government announces that the weights for measuring goods will be issued with the government's official stamp, then instead of three, four dots appear on the field. The goods buyer, the seller, the government official...
1 Esdras Reference library
Sara Japhet and Sara Japhet
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...period. We would place the composition of 1 Esdras in the third century bce , and its Greek translation in the second century, probably in Egypt. G. Purpose and Theology. 1. The most important feature of 1 Esdras is the concept of historical continuity. 1 Esdras bridges the gap between the periods of the First Temple and the Second by the flow of the story, with destruction, exile, and restoration fully integrated into the historical sequence. As a result, the fall of Jerusalem loses the severe meaning it had in Kings, and Cyrus's decree becomes one in a...
Introduction to the Pauline Corpus Reference library
Terence L. Donaldson
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...centre, the foundational conviction that the crucified Jesus had been raised by God. 11. The second thing that flowed from Paul's Damascus experience was that it was also and at the same time a call to be an apostle. Despite the chronological gap between the first experiences recounted in 1 Cor 15:5–7 and Paul's own—a gap alluded to in v. 8 (‘last of all, as to someone untimely born’) but ultimately dismissed as inconsequential—Paul claims that it constituted him an apostle on an equal basis with the others ( vv. 10–11; cf. Gal 1:1 ). One can readily imagine...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...complexity in social organization that will in the Early Bronze Age (around 3000 bce ) evolve into full urbanism. Because of its ecologically advantageous setting, Tell es-Sultan in the Jericho oasis was rebuilt in successive periods, although with some gaps in occupation. It thus exemplifies one of the most familiar features of the ancient and modern Near Eastern landscape, the mound known in Arabic as tell , in Hebrew as tel , in Turkish as huyuk , and in Persian as tepe . A tell is the accumulated debris—generally trapezoidal...
Visions of Kingdoms: From Pompey to the First Jewish Revolt Reference library
Amy-Jill Levine
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...social situation of the Jerusalem church. Acts of the Apostles also provides the most detailed evidence for the organization of this group of Jesus' followers. But as with the story of Jesus itself, the evangelist's presentation of the early church has historical gaps. For example, although Acts describes the persecution and dispersion of the Hellenists, it does not explain why the Hebrews were left in peace. Luke has particular emphases, demonstrated already in the Gospel, that continue in this depiction of church history. For Luke's Jesus,...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...it brought about in the lives of many Israelites, involves the use of a variety of materials and methods. Foremost among them is the Bible. Indeed, an earlier generation of historians of ancient Israel, confronting problems of the historicity of biblical texts and of large gaps in the record, were often frustrated in their attempts to reconstruct the ancestral history of Israel and to delineate the premonarchic period. They came to the monarchic era with a sense of relief. Here at last, they felt, was extensive textual documentation replete with specific...
Introduction to the New Testament Reference library
Leslie Houlden
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...also Jn 5:24–7 ). Not only does it therefore carry his authority, but its presence as an important constituent in these works lends to each of them as a whole an apocalyptic character: if the modern reader is inclined to skip over these passages, that is simply a symptom of the gap between then and now. Moreover, the actual expression of this feature goes well beyond the chapters that are formally labelled ‘apocalyptic’, extending, for example, to parables which look forward to cosmic judgement (eg Mt 13:36–43; 25:1–46; Lk 12:35–40 ). This placing of...
Genesis Reference library
R. N. Whybray and R. N. Whybray
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...pot and the flaming torch ( v. 17 ) represent YHWH's passing between the rows of animals to symbolize his binding himself to keep the covenant. vv. 13–16 are a ‘prophecy after the event’ foretelling the captivity in Egypt and the Exodus; its purpose is to account for the long gap between promise and fulfilment. The 400 years of v. 13 and the ‘fourth generation’ of v. 16 can hardly be reconciled; it has been suggested that v. 16 , which foreshadows the Israelites' conquest of the Amorites (Canaanites), is a later revision of the prophecy. The Amorites...
1 & 2 Samuel Reference library
Gwilym H. Jones, Gwilym H. Jones, and Gwilym H. Jones
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...a continuation of E; others found in the antimonarchial strand traces of Deuteronomistic thinking. A fairly late example of this line of thought is found in Otto Eissfeldt's Introduction ( 1965 ), where it is argued that in at least 1 Samuel there is an E sequence almost without gaps. Because this sequence was by nature a reshaping of an earlier secular presentation, it follows by implication that there was an original continuous strand which betrayed the marks of the Pentateuchal J stratum. Although Eissfeldt's work appeared in its third German edition in...
Ezekiel Reference library
J. Galambush and J. Galambush
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...people's enemies. In Ezekiel the oracles serve as a transition between the first half of the book ( chs. 1–24 ), which is preoccupied with YHWH's judgement against Judah and Jerusalem, and the second half ( chs. 33–48 ), in which promises of restoration predominate. Spanning the gap between the announcement in 24:1–2 that Jerusalem is under siege and the notice of the city's fall in 33:21 , the oracles reveal the universal reach of YHWH's power. Having first gone forth against his own people, the Divine Warrior will not stop until all nations have been...
Mark Reference library
C. M. Tuckett and C. M. Tuckett
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...Death of John the Baptist Between the sending out of the twelve on mission and their return ( v. 30 ), Mark inserts the note about Herod's views on Jesus, which leads into a retrospective account of the death of John the Baptist. In literary terms, the insertion serves to fill a gap in the story of the mission (about which Mark seems to have had very little information); but it also serves to intensify the general theme of the fate that awaits Jesus. John is the forerunner of Jesus, and here his violent death is recalled. The reader cannot fail to be reminded...
Isaiah Reference library
R. Coggins and R. Coggins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...of the divine. Such ‘idols’ are fiercely condemned as no more than human workmanship. There is no recognition that they might stand for something greater than themselves. Given the prominence of artistic representation in the Christian tradition it is surprising that these chapters, with their harsh denigration of such representation, have been esteemed as highly as they have. vv. 19–20 have been widely held to be an interpolation ( Whybray 1975 : 55 ), but there is no textual evidence to support their omission. ( 40:21–4 ) The address to...
Matthew Reference library
Dale C. Allison, Jr. and Dale C. Allison, Jr.
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...and relatively small literary canon, to polysemous and heavily connotative religious speech; and such listeners, who heard Matthew repeatedly, would be expected to relate the gospel to itself. G. Genre and Moral Instruction. 1. Prior to our century Matthew was, despite its many gaps and relative brevity, often referred to as a biography. Most twentieth-century scholars, however, have rejected this view: the canonical gospels are not historical retrospectives but rather expressions of the earliest Christian proclamation. Yet recently there has been a change in...
