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Did you mean Realisms, legal realism, Critical Realism for Ethnography ... Realisms, legal realism, Critical Realism for Ethnography, Realism in Foreign Policy Analysis, Optimism, Pessimism, and Realism in Educational Leadership, Analytical Liberalism, Neoclassical Realism, and the Need for Empirical Analyses, The Effects of Agential Realism on Gender Research and Education Show More Show Less
Realism Reference library
M. Winkler
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (4 ed.)
...be to avoid the designation realistic altogether, speak of “poetry in the age of realism” instead, and point out its “realistic” aspects. The alternative is to accept for poetry a paradigm shift that sees all reality as perspectivism and a construction. In this sense, it would be legitimate to include both “socialist” and “magic” realism in its basic definition. Bibliography V. da Sola Pinto , “Realism in English Poetry,” E&S 25 (1939) ; R. Wellek , “The Concept of Realism in Literary Scholarship,” Concepts of Criticism (1963) ; H. Schlaffer , Lyrik im...
legal realism Reference library
Australian Law Dictionary (3 ed.)
...legal realism A legal theory centred on American lawyers and scholars in the early part of the twentieth century ( holmes ; pound ; Frank; Cardozo), also called American Legal Realism . A less well known form of legal realism originated in Scandanavia. Legal realism criticises the notion of formalistic (scientific) legal reasoning and argues that judicial decision-making is largely subjective, and as strongly influenced by extra-legal considerations as by the statutory and common law rules...
Critical Realism for Ethnography Reference library
Grant Banfield
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods in Education
...realism’ … and idealism” (p. 98). In this light, it is interesting to note that Bhaskar insisted the ascription of critical realism to his work was more of a historical accident than by design: I had called my general philosophy of science “transcendental realism” and my special philosophy of the human sciences “critical naturalism”. Gradually people started to elide the two and refer to the hybrid as “critical realism”. ( Bhaskar, 1989 , p. 190) Bhaskar’s general and special philosophies are conventionally understood to represent “early critical realism.”...
Realism in Foreign Policy Analysis Reference library
Anders Wivel
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...and to explore cases that illustrate the usefulness of neoclassical realism rather than challenging the perspective by testing it on hard cases ( Tang, 2009 ). Also, neoclassical realism tends to be better at understanding big decisions of state leaders than any of the day-to-day foreign policy decisions made by officials and politicians at various levels in the diplomatic services and bureaucracies of states. Furthermore, neoclassical realism shares with structural realism a bias in favor of focusing on great powers rather than the small powers that...
realism Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Mathematics (6 ed.)
...realism In the philosophy of mathematics , mathematical realism maintains that mathematical objects and concepts exist independent of human knowledge; such a philosophy is mathematical Platonism . Anti-realist philosophies include formalism and structuralism...
realism Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Mind (2 ed.)
... . Realism as a philosophical term generally refers to the doctrine that objects exist independently of sensory experience. The essential problem of perception is to account for how we experience things which exist in the time and space of the real world. ‘Naive’ or ‘direct’ realism suggests that we experience objects as they are by a kind of direct awareness comparable with intuitive understanding of mathematics. This is very different from theories which suppose that perceptions are hypotheses. Realism may be contrasted with idealism . (Published...
realism Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Music (6 ed.)
... Operatic style in which the plot or characters are said to be ‘true to life’ ( verismo ) as distinct from...
realism Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
... Philosophical doctrine according to which universal concepts, as well as tangible things, exist in their own right, outside the human mind that recognizes or perceives them. The idea developed from a medieval view that ‘universals’ are real entities rather than simply names for things. Realism was thus opposed to nominalism . Some philosophers rejected this view in favour of moderate realism, which held that ‘universals’ exist only in the mind of God. See also ...
realism Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (4 ed.)
... A broad tendency in literature that emphasizes fidelity to the observable and complex facts of life, in contradistinction to the idealized or simplified representations of romance or melodrama . It is associated particularly with prose fiction and drama since the mid-19th century. Literary realism of the 19th century was a major international tendency (although not quite a ‘movement’, except in the French realism that evolved into the naturalism of Zola ) in fiction under the influences of Honoré de Balzac , Stendhal , and Gustave Flaubert ; and...
realism Quick reference
A Dictionary of Media and Communication (3 ed.)
... 1. In everyday usage, a common-sense recognition of practical realities (often contrasted with idealism ). 2. ( aesthetic realism ) Sometimes synonymous with naturalism or illusionism . The usage of this term varies in relation to the aesthetic movements, theoretical frameworks, and media with which it is associated—so there are many different ‘realisms’, though a common realist goal is ‘to show things as they really are’. Realism tends to be defined in opposition to other terms (especially romanticism , idealization , artifice,...
realism Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
... The term ‘realism’ is used in a variety of ways. In its most general sense, realism can be opposed to ‘idealism’ to mean a philosophical doctrine of the reality of the external world as independent of mind as against the idealistic view that it is constituted by consciousness. In post-Enlightenment thought, Kant attempted to defend a form of realism (‘transcendental realism’) against the encroachment of speculative metaphysics by arguing that our perception of the external world is dependent on general conceptions of space, time, causality, and so on...
Realism Reference library
The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre (2 ed.)
...by the system of Stanislavsky and by the later advocates of naturalism , the logical outcome of realism. ( See also SOCIALIST REALISM ....
realism Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms (4 ed.)
...realism passes over into the movement of naturalism , in which sociological investigation and determinist views of human behaviour predominate. Realism also established itself as an important tradition in the theatre in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, in the work of Henrik Ibsen , Bernard Shaw , and others; and it remains a standard convention of film and television drama. Despite the radical attempts of modernism to displace the realist emphasis on external reality (notably in the movements of expressionism and surrealism ), realism...
realism Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.)
... The doctrine in philosophy that universals have a real existence, over and above the individual entities that they subsume. Plato ’s theory of forms or ‘ideas’ is characteristic. Distinguished in the Middle Ages from the opposite doctrine of nominalism...
Realism Reference library
Lilian R. Furst
The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States
... Cather were heirs to realism in their novels of social observation. See also Naturalism . René Wellek , The Concept of Realism in Literary Scholarship, in Concepts of Criticism , ed. Stephen J. Nichols, Jr. (1963), pp. 222–255. George J. Becker , ed., Documents of Modern Literary Realism (1963). F. W. J. Hemmings , ed., The Age of Realism (1974). George Levine , The Realistic Imagination (1981). Warner Berthoff , The Ferment of Realism: American Literature, 1844–1919 (1981). John Vernon , Money and Fiction: Literary Realism in the Nineteenth and...
realism Reference library
The Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.)
...pre-dating that major phase of realism, exemplify many of its features, while those of Henry James , while not dealing with provincial penury, extend realist methods with new technical sophistication towards a ‘psychological realism’ that was further developed by modernism . The tradition survived into the 20th century, for example in the novels of E. M. Forster and Winifred Holtby , the early novels of D. H. Lawrence and of George Orwell , and the novels and stories of Somerset Maugham . The tradition of realism in English drama is less...
realism Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
... Broad term in art history, often interchangeable with naturalism . It is frequently used to define art that tries to represent objects accurately and without emotional bias. It also denotes a movement in 19th-century French art, led by Gustave Courbet , that revolted against conventional, historical or mythological subjects and focused on unidealized scenes of modern life. Superrealism is a 20th-century movement, in which real objects are depicted in very fine detail so that the overall effect appears unreal. See also socialist ...
realism ((classical)) Quick reference
Allison McQueen
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
... (classical) Classical realism is a variant of realism in international relations theory and is most strongly associated with the work of twentieth-century thinkers such as E. H. Carr , George Kennan, and Hans Morgenthau , among others. Like all IR realists, classical realists take conflict to be an ineradicable feature of international politics and explain outcomes by appealing to the darker features of human nature (e.g. propensity to act on fear, the drive to dominate), the ordering principle of anarchy , the distribution of power (e.g. ...
Realism Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English
...among other things, that Dostoevsky had begun to leave the shared world of realism behind. In nineteenth-century painting realism refers to the work of Courbet and others, and reflects a new interest in ordinary life and in working people, a reaction against the grandiose historical subjects which had dominated earlier art. Inherent in all forms of realism is the idea of a corrected view or assumption, a response to an exaggerated romanticism, idealism, or sentimentalization. Realism, even in vague and everyday uses, is always an argument, suggesting that some...
