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public good
A special defence to some charges under section 4 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 (R v Penguin Books [1961] Crim LR 176). See feature The Obscene Publications Acts.
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A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (3 ed.)
... good Any good or commodity whose benefits are available to everyone, from which no one can be excluded, and from which no single individual can enjoy all of the...
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A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
... good Any good that, if supplied to anybody, is necessarily supplied to everybody, and from whose benefits it is impossible or impracticable to exclude anybody. A third requirement often added to the definition is that ‘each individual’s consumption leads to no subtraction from any other individual’s consumption of that good’ ( Paul Samuelson , 1954 ). A public statue is a near‐pure public good; other typical examples include national defence, national parks, and clean air. Many goods are partly public and partly private. Left to itself, the market will...
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A Dictionary of Law Enforcement (2 ed.)
... good A special defence to some charges under section 4 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 ( R v Penguin Books [ 1961 ] Crim LR...
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A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...public good A good that no consumer can be excluded from using if it is supplied, and for which consumption by one consumer does not reduce the quantity available for consumption by any other. A public good is therefore non-excludable and non-rivalrous. As a consequence of these properties public goods cause market failure . In practice, it is difficult to find a pure public good, i.e. one that satisfies the two conditions exactly. Public goods that are excludable, but at a cost, or suffer from congestion when too many consumers try to use them...
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A Dictionary of Law (10 ed.)
... good A special defence to some charges under section 4 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 ( R v Penguin Books [ 1961 ] Crim LR 176). See obscene publication...
Public good Reference library
Oxford Companion to Australian Politics
... good The public good, ‘common good’ or ‘public interest’ as it is also often called, concerns what is in the best interests of the society as a whole rather than what is good for individuals. While the idea of the public good has a well-established history in political and philosophical thought, the modern tradition of debate about the public good can be divided into several broad approaches, which justify the public good on either normative or efficiency grounds. An influential interpretation of the meaning of the public good, made popular in economics,...
Public Good Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
... Good . A good characterized by two main properties, jointness of supply and nonexcludability, is a public good. If a good is characterized by jointness of supply, then the consumption of the good by one person does not affect the consumption of others in the group. If a good is characterized by nonexcludability, then it is impossible to prevent anyone in the group from consuming it. The classic example of a public good is a lighthouse: unlike a private good, the benefits of the lighthouse are joint and, once produced, are unsusceptible to exclusion. The...
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A Dictionary of Energy Science
...public good Something that is available to all and is not diminished by use. Examples are clean air, potable water, roads, flood defences, street lighting, and national security. Energy is a quasi-marketable public good in that it is available to all who can pay for it, and is generally not unavailable to anyone else. In contrast housing is a private good , as it costs something and is exclusive, while fish in international waters are a common resource , as they are available to all but are diminished by fishing, and if overfished become an example of what...
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A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
... good ( collective good ) Public goods were defined initially by Paul Samuelson (‘The Pure Theory of Public Expenditure’, Review of Economics and Statistics , 1954) as those where person A's consumption of the good did not interfere with person B's consumption. Ezra J. Mishan ( Introduction to Normative Economics , 1981) prefers to designate these as ‘collective goods’. Both terms refer to collectively funded services that either cannot be provided by the market or which particular governments choose to supply from public funds. Some goods and...
global public good Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...global public good A public good that provides non-excludable and non-rival benefits on a worldwide scale. Examples of global public goods include knowledge and the global environment. See also global commons ; global warming...
impure public good Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...impure public good A good that has some of the characteristics of a public good but is not entirely non-rivalrous or non-excludable. An impure public good may be non-excludable but can become congested ( see common access resource ), or it may be non-rivalrous but exclusion may be possible ( see club )...
local public good Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...local public good A public good that is available only within a limited geographical area. Examples include a radio signal that can be received only within a limited distance of the transmitter, and a school that restricts admission to a defined catchment area. Local public goods are important for understanding the economics of fiscal federalism . The key feature of local public goods is that consumers reveal their preferences when they make a choice of jurisdiction in which to reside. The Tiebout hypothesis argues that this effect ensures competition...
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A Dictionary of Sports Studies
...globally commercialized sport as a private good, and sport (often the Olympics is claimed in this fashion) as a heritage of the whole of humanity and therefore a public good, is embedded in the very structure and existence of international sport. This allows the ‘global public good’ argument to be appropriated by profiteers who speak for the world but work for themselves in the governance and administration of world sport. This is not to decry the argument for or the ideals that fuel the notion of the global public good; but it would be misleading to ignore the...
Public Good (maṣlaḥah) Reference library
Felicitas Opwis
Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Digital Collection
... Public Good ( maṣlaḥah ) With today’s steady advances in biotechnology and the persistent relevance of religious traditions, Muslim inquiries into bioethics often turn toward the concept of maṣlaḥah when seeking guidelines and Islamic legitimacy to ethico-legal solutions. Maṣlaḥah (literally, a source or cause of good) is a legal primarily employed in cases that lack precedent in the authoritative texts of the ...
markets and the public good Reference library
Charles Crittenden
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 ed.)
...and the public good . Markets are places or networks where buyers and sellers exchange goods or services for money. Capitalism is the economic system whereby the mass production of goods to be sold in markets is financed by private capital for individual or corporate profit. According to the ‘law’ of supply and demand, market price rises with the scarcity of items for sale and falls with their abundance; current price thus provides sellers with information enabling them to distribute their resources for maximum profit. This allows for an efficient...
public good
