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pseudo‐archaeology ([Ge]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
...‐archaeology [Ge] A broad spectrum of largely unconnected topics and approaches which misapply, misinterpret, and misrepresent archaeological material in a non‐scientific and often speculative way. Such topics include the search for lost continents such as ‘Atlantis’, the idea that astronauts from other worlds visited earth in the past, and the existence of connections between sites that are represented as force fields or ‘ley...
pseudo-archaeology
Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel Reference library
Lawrence E. Stager
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...in blissful solitude from the rest of the world. Equally outworn is the concept of seminomadism (still embraced by too many scholars of the ancient Near East) as a rigid ontological status, marking some cultural (pseudo-)evolutionary stage on the path to civilization, from desert tribesman to village farmer to urban dweller: in archaeological parlance, the “from tent-to-hut-to-house” evolution. Scholars of the ancient Near East are only recently rediscovering what the great fourteenth-century ce Arab historian Ibn Khaldun knew well. In his...
40 The History of the Book in China Reference library
J. S. Edgren
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...a commercial advertisement with appended statements by the publisher, and many were bound into the books, preserving their valuable data. The cover page sometimes contained a hand-stamped price or a distinctive seal impression meant as a trademark, and it was common to print pseudo- *copyright statements such as fanke bijiu (‘unauthorized reprints will be investigated’), which were utterly ineffectual. However, it all ended unceremoniously for the most speculative publishers in 1644 , when Li Zicheng entered Beijing and the Manchus began their...
Transitions and Trajectories: Jews and Christians in the Roman Empire Reference library
Barbara Geller
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...and, as such, the sole legitimate interpreter and possessor, in a sense, of the Jewish scriptures, the Old Testament. As early as the second century, a genre of Christian apologetic literature emerged, aptly described as “Against the Jews,” titles first used by Pseudo-Cyprian and Tertullian during the last quarter of the century. This literature, contributions to which were also made by such prominent figures as Justin Martyr in the second and Augustine in the fifth century, sought to demonstrate that in the aftermath of the coming of Christ...
Extra-canonical early Christian literature Reference library
J. K. Elliott and J. K. Elliott
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...an Eng. trans. is found in Lake ( 1912–13 : i. 340–409) . E. Among other Apostolic Fathers to be considered, albeit briefly, are the pseudo-Clementine letters and the Shepherd of Hermas, all of which are found attached to fourth-century biblical MSS. 1 and 2 Clement appear at the end of Codex Alexandrinus, the Shepherd is found at the end of Codex Sinaiticus. We shall then turn briefly to the Epistles by Ignatius. The Pseudo-Clementine Letters: 1 Clement F. 1. This anonymous letter to the church in Corinth is claimed in later tradition to have been written...
Essay with Commentary on Post-Biblical Jewish Literature Reference library
Philip S. Alexander
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...is well attested in the Talmudic period, but when it originated is still debated. That it goes back in some shape or form to the Second Temple times is probable. Though the extant MSS of the Targumim are all late, many have been shown to contain very early traditions. Targum Pseudo-Jonathan to the Pentateuch (so called because it was mistakenly attributed to Jonathan ben ῾Uzzi᾽el the putative author of the ‘official’ Targum of the Prophets ), is a case in point ( anth a. 7). (Text: Clarke ( 1984 ); tr.: Maher ( 1992 ); introduction to the Targumim: P....
Isaiah Reference library
R. Coggins and R. Coggins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...to the time of Christ, and the reference here to the ox and the ass recognizing God's presence came to be interpreted in connection with the stories of the birth of Jesus. The animals in the Christmas crib are not a biblical tradition, but are first mentioned in the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, thought to date from the eighth or ninth century ce , where it is said that Mary ‘put her child in a manger, and an ox and an ass worshipped him. Then was fulfilled that which was spoken through the prophet Isaiah: “The ox knows his owner and the ass his master's crib”...
celt
simulation
Egyptian Revival
tholos
Britain
Robert Grosseteste
Eriugena, John Scottus
contraception
St Thomas Aquinas
mysticism
Alternative Archaeologies Reference library
Gabriel Moshenska
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...Archaeologies Alternative archaeologies are accounts of the ancient past that contradict the general scholarly consensus. Also known as “pseudo archaeologies” or “fringe archaeologies,” they are a diverse category that draws on a range of ideologies, from peaceful New Age spirituality to genocidal ethno-nationalism. Many alternative archaeologies employ common logical fallacies such as “appeals to authority,” “begging the question,” and “confirmation bias” to misrepresent or misinterpret archaeological evidence, either by accident or by design....
Racism Reference library
D. Ryan Gray
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...as representing the pinnacle of cultural evolution, and Africans (classified as Negroid) at the lowest level of development. Pseudo-scientific methods like craniometry (the measurement of differences in human skulls) were developed to assign individuals to these races, usually with little regard for the actual diversity of human populations. Scientific racism had a powerful influence on the development of archaeology, in that it defined contemporary “primitive humans,” particularly Native Americans and Africans, as objects of study, able to inform...
