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private defence Quick reference
A Dictionary of Law Enforcement (2 ed.)
... defence Action taken in reasonable defence of one's person or property . It can be pleaded as a defence to an action in tort . The right of private defence includes the defence of one's family, and probably of any other person, from unlawful...
private defence Quick reference
A Dictionary of Law (10 ed.)
... defence Action taken in reasonable defence of one’s person or property. It can be pleaded as a defence to an action in tort. The right of private defence includes the defence of one’s family and, probably, of any other person from unlawful...
Defense Contractors, Private Reference library
Robert Mandel
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
...the greatest insecurity and those able to pay for privatized protection. Private defense contractors thrived in areas of weak governance, stimulated by the combination of governments’ inadequate resources for internal security, unavailable security assistance from outside governments, popular nonidentification with the state, and powerful nongovernment groups. Importance of Private Defense Contractors to the United States. In the twenty-first century the U.S. government depends on private defense contractors more than ever before. Contractors tend to...
private defence
Socialism and Islam Reference library
Shaykh Mahmūd Shaltūt
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...the sources of wealth. Society needs agriculture for the foodstuffs that are produced by the soil. It also needs the various industries that are necessary to man. Clothing, housing, agriculture, machinery, roads, waterways, and railways are also necessary for the protection and defense of the state. All these can be acquired only through industry. Agriculture, industry, and commerce must therefore be developed as much as possible. That is why the men of Islamic religious learning [‘ ulamā ’] teach that it is a collective obligation to learn to make all that one...
Language Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...‘custom’ cannot reach beyond the grave offers an antidote to Johnson's conservatism, and anticipates Paine's rejection of *Burke 's appeal to immemorial custom in defence of the constitution. Nevertheless even Priestley was willing to characterize certain kinds of usage as ‘too low and vulgar’. Collectors of popular antiquities, such as Francis *Grose , frequently of fered a more spirited defence of class and regional dialects. Grose 's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) stands in direct, perhaps parodying, relationship to Johnson's ...
1700 to the Present Reference library
Ronald Clements
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...the private reader. The need for simplicity and immediacy of impact have served as guidelines for promoting an extraordinary number of modern versions of the biblical text. These have largely been directed towards the needs of the private reader rather than the formalities of church use and in this they have largely succeeded. The consequence has been that, even though the traditional role of the Bible in church life and intellectual circles has appeared much weakened by the cultural and religious pluralism of modern Western-style societies, the private study...
Henry IV Part 2 Reference library
Michael Dobson
The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare (2 ed.)
...his brothers Clarence and Gloucester, all deeply apprehensive about how they will be treated now that the wild Prince Harry has inherited the throne. When Harry arrives, however, he speaks with dignity, promising a well-governed reign, and in response to the Lord Chief Justice’s defence of his earlier decision to send him to prison the new King warmly ratifies his position at the head of the judicial system. 5.3 Sir John, his page, and Bardolph are dining, along with Silence, at Justice Shallow’s house, the meal punctuated by Silence’s unexpected bursts of song,...
Revolution Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...more radical and principled case for redistribution to meet the requirements of egalitarian justice. From a doctrine demanding a political revolution for the defence of rights and liberties, Paine came to advance demands for something much closer to a social revolution. Nor was he alone; in Britain he was attacked by radicals such as Thomas *Spence for failing to go far enough in his critique of private property, and * Spenceans became and remained prominent members of the radical societies well into the nineteenth century. It is not surprising that the...
On the Political Utility of Using Armed Violence Reference library
Mahdi Shams Al-Din Shaikh Muhammad
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...and its effect on civil society and on the Islamic Movement itself reveals that the matter is not only useless but goes beyond this to harm the political project by squandering possibilities, creating obstacles and causing harm to the moral reputation of Islam and Muslims. Defense of the style of armed violence and the reply It may be said in reply to what we have mentioned that the use of this style achieved “political presence” for the Islamic Movement in the [public] square; “extracted recognition” of it as an important political force. Without this style...
Land Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...him to landowning elements of rural society. His literary defence of the Lake District from what he saw as an onslaught of the urbanism and rationalism of the Edinburgh Review , epitomized by the appearance of Henry *Brougham as a parliamentary candidate for Camelford in 1810 , reflected deep anxieties about a potential alliance of middle-class Rationalist intellectuals with a dissatisfied rural population. Wordsworth may have explicitly responded to the claims of the Spenceans in his defence of his version of ‘nature’—certainly Robert *Southey felt...
Law Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...England are entitled, in the first place, to the regular administration and free course of justice in the courts of law; next to the right of petitioning the king and parliament for redress of grievances; and last to the right of having and using arms for self-preservation and defence. And all these rights and liberties it is our birthright to enjoy entire; unless where the laws of our country have laid them under necessary restraints. Restraints in themselves so gentle and moderate, as will appear upon farther enquiry, that no man of sense or probity would...
Popular Culture Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...into a new tension between what is public and what is private (see M. J. Daunton , ‘Public Place and Private Space: The Victorian City and the Working‐Class Household’, in D. Fraser and A. Sutcliffe (eds), The Pursuit of Urban History (1983) ). In such forms of neighbourhood, communal, and public participation, customary controls, traditional justifications for protest, local time, and the collective marking of local space—all these now tended to be superseded by a growing concern for ‘private’ domestic space. ‘Participation’ here was becoming that of...
Central Government, Courts, and Taxation Quick reference
R. W. Hoyle
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...in enclosure, and even in the harsh years of the 1690s made no attempt to manage grain markets. Indeed, this was an age of private legislative initiatives. Typical of this is enclosure. There was no general Enclosure Act, although some argued for one in the 1650s. Instead, every enclosure had to be authorized individually, either by the registering of a private agreement in Chancery or (the normal 18th‐century practice) by a private bill moved by the promoters of an enclosure. There was a similar lack of direction over the Poor Law. Powers to establish ...
33 The History of the Book in Poland Reference library
Janet Zmroczek
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...illustrated by Andrzej Krauze. The stapled binding is noteworthy. © The British Library Board. All Rights Reserved. (Sol. 244) In Poland itself, from the late 1940s , private publishers were branded as petty capitalists with no place in the new popular democracy. In 1949–50 , printing, bookselling, and distribution were all brought under state control. Before 1950 , approximately 300 private publishers were in operation; by 1955 , 97 per cent of books were published by 33 publishers heavily centralized in Warsaw. Despite huge subsidies and record *press...
All Is True Reference library
Michael Dobson, Will Sharpe, and Anthony Davies
The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare (2 ed.)
...in its successive depictions of the falls of Buckingham, Wolsey, and Katherine (each given memorable rhetorical set pieces rather than sustained characterization), and its version of history has a strong tinge of the non-realistic late romances. The wronged Katherine’s self-defence at her trial is reminiscent of Hermione’s in The Winter’s Tale , and her husband too will perhaps ultimately be redeemed, according to Cranmer’s concluding prophecy, by his infant daughter. Critical history: Despite the perennial presence of its great speeches in anthologies of...
Novels Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...that private and domestic history is as important as public history. Many novelists echo Burney's declaration at the start of Camilla ( 1796 ) that the history of external events is easier to tell than the history of the heart. One of the most influential and explicit statements on the subject is Maria Edgeworth's ‘Editor's Preface’ to Castle Rackrent ( 1800 ). Edgeworth questions how many readers benefit from reading history, with its exaggerated heroes and villains, and instead promotes the human interest to be found in documents of private life. The...
The Twentieth Century Quick reference
Brian M. Short
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...after 1945 have records, such as those relating to the National Coal Board, which can shed light on individual collieries, although many such records have been transferred to the appropriate local record offices, as have those of former private iron and steel companies taken over as the British Steel Corporation. Private companies still in existence can be traced through files kept at Companies House, Cardiff. Local transport history can be similarly helped by reference to central government records. The Ministry of Transport was established in 1919 , and...
Folklore, Customs, and Civic Ritual Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...owed by tenants included renders to the lord (from food rents to cash rents in lieu eventually) and the performance of detailed labour services, some of both of which, long before their transferral, had been owed to the king, others being retained by him for purposes of national defence (see N. Neilson , ‘Customary Rents’, in Paul Vinogradoff (ed.), Oxford Studies in Social and Legal History , ii (1910) ; Rosamond Faith , The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship (1997). See also Mary Bateson , Borough Customs (Selden Society, i (1904) , ii (...
Towns Quick reference
David M. Palliser
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...These, however, were legal terms; in physical terms, using archaeological evidence, what can be distinguished are large towns with regular street plans, major public buildings, and—increasingly from the 3rd century—earthwork or stone defences; and, in contrast, many small towns, often with an irregular street plan and no defences. The larger towns had markets and workshops, and some smaller towns had specialized industrial functions, such as Durobrivae ( Water Newton , Huntingdonshire) with its pottery manufacture. Almost all our knowledge of Romano‐British...
