primary and secondary definers Quick reference
A Dictionary of Media and Communication (3 ed.)
... and secondary definers Primary definers are credible individuals and institutions granted media access to enable their initial framing of events which are assumed to be within their area of competence: for instance, experts, official sources, courts, leading politicians, and senior religious figures. The mass media are secondary definers . The government is a primary definer of news insofar as the media rely heavily on government officials as news sources. See also agenda setting ; amplification of deviance ; moral panic ; news values...
primary and secondary definers
Domestic Buildings Quick reference
Malcolm Airs
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
... to Aldous Huxley , Evelyn Waugh , and Kazuo Ishiguro should properly be considered as primary sources. The secondary literature on the high‐status house is vast and can be treated only in a perfunctory manner here. Until relatively recently, much of it was written by architects or art historians, and concentrated on developments in architectural style which reflected contemporary perceptions of aesthetic value, often with an underlying polemical message for current practice. Thus, the needs of the Gothic Revival in the 19th century prompted the...
Law Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of the assize judges to the county towns of England and Wales remained an essential administrative point of contact between the centre and the localities; they were also perceived by Georgian governments as primary media for communicating the good news about equal rights under common law and for moral suasion of the lower orders. And in the absence of real *policing [7] , substantial property owners and the proliferating business community in London and other cities looked to the criminal law as the primary safeguard for their property against what they were...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...architectural styles had changed, and the typical house had become smaller, another sign of population expansion. Like other Neolithic sites, Ain Ghazal gives evidence of trade with distant regions. There are seashells from both the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and copper and semiprecious stones from sources as distant as the Sinai Peninsula. Obsidian is also found. This volcanic glass was often favored in the Neolithic Age for use in knives and other tools and weapons, although stone continued to be the primary raw material for these artifacts....
The Bible in the Eastern Churches Reference library
George Bebawi
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...weaken or undermine the New Testament, but rather points to more than the basic and primary question among them: how did ancient Christians read and understand the Bible? Truth for the early Christians was not an idea, but the Son of God Incarnate, that is, the person of Jesus Christ. Thus in relation to the personal understanding and to the personal relationship with the person of Jesus, words and texts must be understood. The reinterpretation of the Old Oracles is desirable and becomes a necessity which is determined by the New Revelation: one whose truth...
Introduction to the Pauline Corpus Reference library
Terence L. Donaldson
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...and perception. The foundational level, located in structures beneath the surface of the text, consists of Paul's set of basic convictions, things that he took to be axiomatic or self-evident. Some of these were native convictions, stemming from his primary formation in Judaism; others were secondary and reconstitutive, stemming from his Damascus experience. We have already discussed the way in which Paul's ‘conversion’ experience can be seen as a redrawing of his primary Jewish convictions around the new belief that God had raised Jesus from death and thus...
Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt Reference library
Carol A. Redmount
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...ancient world. Vast quantities of raw data, both textual and archaeological, have been collected and processed; innumerable synthetic works have been produced; and anthologies of primary and secondary sources have proliferated. Granted, our knowledge is not perfect; a number of variously sized holes in our understanding remain to be filled, and individual historical sources can be problematic. Collectively, however, the weight of accumulated historical knowledge is both impressive and indisputable—and almost without exception decisive for larger issues of...
Literary Theory Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...depress sales. Convinced by these arguments, Coleridge claims to have withheld the rest of the deduction and contented himself with ‘the main result’, the definition of the imagination. The paragraphs that conclude this chapter do align perception and artistic creation with an absolute creative force. The creative power evident in art (the secondary imagination) is an echo of the creative work manifest in perception (the primary imagination), which in turn is nothing less than ‘a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite I...
Deuteronomy Reference library
Christoph Bultmann and Christoph Bultmann
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...12:28–34 ). Faith is a possible decision in the face of death and ‘evil’ (RSV). The beginning of the secondary vv. 16–19 a has been lost in the MT but can be restored following the LXX, cf. 7:12–13; 8:19–20 . Report of Moses' Parting from Israel, Including his Poem and his Blessings ( 31:1–34:12 ) ( 31:1–8 ) The Appointment of Joshua NRSV rightly restores the beginning of this section following the LXX and the fragmentary MS 1Q Deut b from Qumran (DJD 1. 59). The narrator resumes 3:28–9 and prepares the transition to the book of Joshua, cf. Josh 1:1–9 ....
Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age Reference library
Wayne T. Pitard
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...ninety, conceives and gives birth to Isaac, the divinely designated heir. Few traditions about Isaac are preserved in the narratives. Most of the stories of Isaac present him as a character secondary to the main protagonists, who are either his father, Abraham, or his sons, Jacob and Esau. The only narratives in which Isaac does play the primary role ( Gen. 26 ) virtually duplicate stories told earlier about Abraham. For the most part these quasi-reruns reiterate themes found in the Abraham cycle. Isaac and his wife Rebekah...
28 The History of the Book in Italy Reference library
Neil Harris
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...cent. Primary schooling became obligatory in 1877 , but a lack of resources and the opposition of the clergy meant that the law remained a dead letter in many places; in 1911 the number of Italians with inadequate literacy skills still averaged 38 per cent. 8 The 20 th and 21 st centuries: two wars, Fascism, and after In 1901 , the Italian book trade presented geographical and cultural anomalies that remain substantially true today. Rome was the political capital; Milan, dominated by the rivalry between *Sonzogno and Treves, was the economic and...
2 The Sacred Book Reference library
Carl Olson
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Church also struggled to define and understand itself separately from Judaism. And it wondered how it could appeal to the Gentiles without losing its original Jewish identity. Finally, the problem associated with the delay of the parousia (second coming of Jesus) and the end of the world served as motivating factors in committing Jesus’ message to writing. Although Christianity was an apocalyptic sect within Palestinian Judaism and Jesus was a Palestinian Jew, the world of the New Testament was dominated by Greek language and culture; the language itself...
Extra-canonical early Christian literature Reference library
J. K. Elliott and J. K. Elliott
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...cases such texts are obviously secondary to, and influenced by, earlier works. However, as will be seen below, some of the texts that are now published as NT apocryphal writings may have been composed as early as the first century and therefore be contemporaneous with the NT writings proper. Indeed, some scholars argue for the independence of some of the so-called apocryphal texts (the Gospel of Peter , the Gospel of Thomas , Egerton Papyrus 2). In other words, some of these early writings may merit study as primary sources alongside those texts which...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...a royal state and in heading its organizational structures is significant, that role is not necessarily primary. We must set aside the “great man” notion of the emergence of the Israelite monarchy, as resulting from the charisma of a person and/or the supernatural direction of a deity, in order to examine the social dynamics and environmental features of state formation and organization. The rise of a state system in Israel is best comprehended by identifying the social pressures and patterns hidden beneath the layers of traditional theological and political...
Introduction to the Pentateuch Reference library
G. I. Davies
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...in the Exodus, wilderness, and Sinai themes. In all of this, Noth argued, Moses is dispensable and therefore a secondary element. He originally belonged in fact to the story of the settlement in Canaan, because his grave was located in land claimed by the Israelite tribes ( cf. Deut 34:1–6 with Josh 13:15–23 ), and those elements of the stories about him that are not likely to have been invented (his foreign wife, criticism of his leadership) therefore originally belong here. 19. While the views of von Rad and Noth have been very influential, they...
Philippians Reference library
Robert Murray, SJ and Robert Murray, SJ
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...quotes for his purpose, first proposed by Lohmeyer ( 1928 ), has come to dominate both exegesis of Philippians and study of early Christology and credal formulas, though the term ‘hymn’ remains imprecisely defined and the theory still takes various forms, including earlier composition by Paul. The literature is enormous; with the standard survey by Martin ( 1983 ); see now O'Brien ( 1991 : 186–271 ). A rare voice questioning the theory's solidity and value for exegesis is raised by Fee ( 1992 ; 1995 ). 5. Evaluation: whatever the origin of this undeniably...
1 & 2 Samuel Reference library
Gwilym H. Jones, Gwilym H. Jones, and Gwilym H. Jones
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...to these events with serenity; they proved that God was fulfilling his word, and by implication he had received forgiveness. A brief notice of Solomon's birth in vv. 24–5 is beset with difficulties. A possible understanding of the events is that, if the Nathan parable and the secondary vv. 15 b –24 a are ignored, v. 24 b follows on 11:27 a , thus giving ‘and bore him a son and she called his name Solomon’. The whole section relating to the death of the firstborn and the birth of ‘his replacement’ ( šĕlômôh ) was inserted to avoid the identification...
Mark Reference library
C. M. Tuckett and C. M. Tuckett
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...with the previous story in showing both Jesus' concern with sinners and sin and his unique authority. ( 2:18–22 ) Old and New The next story concerns the issue of fasting. Again the story is probably composite, with vv. 19 b –20 representing a secondary allegorizing of an original tradition. John's disciples and Pharisees are said to be fasting, and Jesus is asked why his own disciples do not. Fasting was required of all Jews at times, though the story here, by singling out the Pharisees and John for mention, suggests that the fasting in question was an extra...
Hebrews Reference library
Harold W. Attridge and Harold W. Attridge
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...St Paul appears a lengthy work celebrating the person and work of Jesus Christ and encouraging fidelity to his covenant. Although the attribution is certainly secondary, the document is a masterpiece of early Christian homiletics, weaving creative scriptural exegesis with effective exhortation. A. Authorship. 1. Hebrews does not name its author. A reference to ‘our brother Timothy’ ( 13:23 ) may have occasioned the tradition that Paul composed the work. Differences in style and theology between Hebrews and the assuredly genuine epistles of Paul make that...
