open field Quick reference
A Dictionary of Geography (6 ed.)
... field A distribution of farmland associated with feudalism in Europe. Each manor had two or three large open fields and each farmer was awarded a number of strips within each field, so that no one had all the good or all the poor land. ‘From late in the seventeenth century both the open fields and land held in common…began to be enclosed’ ( Pounds (2005) J. Hist. Geog. 31, 3...
open‐field systems Quick reference
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...‐field systems The widespread system whereby the agricultural land of a parish was farmed in large fields which were divided into strips . The number and extent of the fields varied. They were normally farmed communally under regulations agreed at the manor court . For their origins, distribution, and operation, see field systems . For their abolition, see enclosure...
open-field test n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
...-field test n . A procedure for measuring the activity of a rat or other small animal by placing it in an enclosed area of floor space, divided into squares, and counting the number of squares that it crosses in a specified time...
Open-Field System Reference library
Rosemary L. Hopcroft
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...for enclosed land compared to open-field land, and some suggest the comparative inefficiency of open fields (see, for example, J. A. Yelling , Common Field and Enclosure in England . London, 1977) ; this was the rationale for the enclosure movements that swept across Europe beginning in the eighteenth century. Much research challenges the view that the open-field system was inefficient, at least before the modern period. For example, Carl Dahlman ( The Open-field System and Beyond . Cambridge, 1980) argues that the open-field system was an economically...
open field system ([De]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
... field system [De] Agricultural arrangements by which land was managed by common agreement by a local community. The arable land of a township or parish was divided into a multitude of small strips, each of perhaps half an acre or less. Each tenant's strips were scattered and lay intermixed with those of others. For convenience, open field strips were aggregated into groups known as furlongs, themselves grouped into fields. From late medieval times a good deal of piecemeal consolidation of holdings took place, to provide fewer but larger pieces of land. The...
open field
open-field test
Agricultural History Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...and Present ( 1912 ), which eventually ran into six editions. About the same time, the American historian H. L. Gray published a massive amount of evidence on the origins and nature of open‐field systems , which is still of value, in English Field Systems ( 1915 ). The study of field systems received fresh stimulus from C. S. and C. S. Orwin , The Open Fields ( 1938 ). Here again a subject that interested these early scholars remains a matter of lively debate to this day. But after the First World War interest waned and few scholars turned their...
Landscape History: The Countryside Quick reference
H. S. A. Fox
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...field systems, generally of the two‐field or three‐field variety, within whose agreed rhythms and intricately fragmented landscapes the village and villagers became locked. These developments in the landscape moulded social relations and standards of living in village countrysides for many centuries. The mould was not easy to break, but broken it was in some villages when, from the late 14th century onwards, the social and physical fabric of settlements and their fields began to crumble away as demand for land and for the grains grown in the open fields...
The Twentieth Century Quick reference
Brian M. Short
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...of state intervention, leading up to the post‐war nationalization programmes, have left records of bureaucracy yielding insights into local industrial and transport structures; while intervention in the fields of education, public health , and the structures of local government similarly bring the potential for studies of local communities in ways not open to those concentrating on earlier periods. Much of this material has been summarized in easily accessible formats for individual counties in the atlases of county histories (e.g. Kent 2004 , Lincolnshire...
Bio-ethics Reference library
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...before having considered in the light of Islamic legal principles and so long as they do not violate these principles they should be permitted. Genetic science and all its ramifications are, like any other field of knowledge, encouraged and supported by Islam, and Muslim scientists should be at the forefront of research and inquiry in this field. 3. Islam recommends the safe-guarding of human health, as stated in the Quran (al- Baqarah 2:195 ), and the avoidance of harm. Furthermore, treatment is specifically urged by Islam for hereditary as well as acquired...
Land Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...a specialization in their skills and a capacity to live within their increasingly straitened means. While the enclosure of open-field farming meant changes to capitalist agricultural production, the aspect of improvement between 1790 and 1815 that resounded most importantly in labourers' lives was the enclosure of wastelands. For farmers, the enclosure of the wastes appeared to foretell universal enrichment: with more land opened up to both arable and pastoral farming, greater productivity and more diverse forms of land utilization seemed possible. It...
The Problem of ‘Ulama’ Reference library
Alhaji Adeleke Dirisu Ajijola
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...rich in hundreds and thousands of books were opened to scholars all over the Islamic world, were the Muslims not the first to apply experimental methods, long before Francis Bacon [English scientist, 1561–1626] proclaimed their necessity? The development of chemistry, of astronomy, the propagation of Greek science, the promotion of the study of medicine and the discovery of various physical laws—are not these to the credit of the Muslims? It is an admitted fact that Muslims made notable contributions in the fields of mathematics, chemistry and physical...
Welsh Local and Family History Quick reference
D. Huw Owen
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...the 19th century and containing material of Welsh interest include the Journal of the Chester and North Wales Archaeological and Historic Society ( 1849 ), the Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists’ Field Club ( 1851 ), the Report and Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society ( 1867 ), and the Transactions of the Caradoc and Severn Valley Field Club ( 1893 ). The journals of the county history societies established in the 20th century were those of Carmarthenshire ( 1905 ), Cardiganshire ( 1909–39 , 1950 ), Anglesey ( 1913 ), Brecknock (...
Dialogue Between East and West Reference library
Mohammad Khatami Ayatollah
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...The Renaissance defined the man of religion not as someone who would contemptuously turn his back on the world in order to repress it, but as somebody who would face the world. The Renaissance man of religion turns to the world just as the world awaits him with open arms, and this reciprocal openness and opening up of the world and man constitute the most fundamental point about the Renaissance, and inherently it is a religious event aimed at conserving, reforming and propagating religion, and not opposed to it or against it. But this great event ended up, in...
Local and Regional History: Modern Approaches Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
... (published in 1957 , but largely written by the early 1940s, and reprinted in 2008 ), which was nevertheless billed as ‘a study of the Midland peasant‐farmer and of the open‐field system … a contribution to English economic and social history, and not a history of the village as such’. Hoskins went on to be the great popularizer of local history as well as the leading academic in the field. Community studies and the use of visual evidence were to become the hallmarks of what Asa Briggs referred to in a review of 1958 as the ‘Leicester School’ of historians,...
Natural Philosophy (Science) Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...her appearance in the world without the company of her sisters’. Recent discoveries in this subject would extend the boundaries of science: ‘New worlds may open to our view, and the glory of the great Sir Isaac Newton himself, and all his contemporaries, be eclipsed, by a new set of philosophers, in quite a new field of speculation.’ Second, Priestley argued for a more accessible natural philosophy open to the contributions and judgement of the public. As part of his campaign against Antoine Lavoisier's chemical theories he protested against the expensive...
Islam and Modernity Reference library
Fazlur Rahman
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...be answered by those “friends of religion” who want to keep their religion in a hothouse, secluded from the open air. The social sciences . Social sciences, as systematized bodies of knowledge, that is, as disciplines, are a modern phenomenon. They are undoubtedly a very important development, since, the object of their study being man in society, they can they tell us so much about how collectivities actually behave in various fields of human belief and action. At the beginning of this chapter I said something about Muslims’ desire to...
The Psychological Role of Islam in Economic Development Reference library
Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...it is even more necessary to note in detail the objective conditions of the Islamic umma, and its psychological and historical composition. Need for a Program which forms part of an Integrated whole Since the umma is the field in which the economic program is applied, it is necessary to study the specificities and conditions of this field to see how effective the application of one or other of the systems may be. The effectiveness of the free capitalist system or that of socialist planning in the European experience does not necessarily mean that the program...
