fundamental mode Quick reference
A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering (2 ed.)
...fundamental mode The mode of free oscillation of an oscillatory system with the lowest natural frequency , i.e. at the fundamental frequency...
fundamental mode Quick reference
A Dictionary of Astronomy (3 ed.)
... mode The lowest frequency at which an oscillation occurs, or the lowest component of a complex vibration. Whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency are known as overtones or harmonics , and are present in many types of pulsating variable . In stars such as RR Lyraes and Cepheids, for example, the fundamental mode of radial pulsation is the simple periodic expansion and contraction of the star’s outer layers. More complex vibrational modes can exist, known in turn as the first overtone mode or harmonic, and so on. See also Overtone...
fundamental mode
Introduction: Muslim Activist Intellectuals and Their Place in History Reference library
John L. Esposito and John O. Voll
Makers of Contemporary Islam
...the world. Even for those who disagree with them and dispute their claims, these activist thinkers have shaped the conceptual world and set the terms of most debates in the Muslim world. These people, their organizations, and their modes of thinking have been part of the heart of what has come to be the Islamic resurgence of the end of the twentieth century. Intellectuals play crucial roles in the contemporary Islamic resurgence. They are both its primary formulators...
The Need for Civilizational Dialogue Reference library
Ibrahim Anwar
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...civilizations will necessarily clash, rather whether civilizations ought to clash. For us, the divine imperative as expressed in the Qur'an is unambiguous. Humanity has been created to form tribes, races and nations, whose differences in physical characteristics, languages and modes of thought are but the means for the purpose of lita’arafu —“getting to know one another.” On the other hand, in the narrative of modernity, the story of the encounter is less straightforward. It is the progressive globalization of a particular language of discourse issuing from...
Popular Culture Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...terms it took 400 years, between c .1550 and c .1950 , to extinguish the more traditional patterns that had continuously evolved over the previous millennium, and to replace them with wholly new modes. Change has therefore to be understood as the product of both erosive and innovative processes, as often a matter of adaptation and survival rather than fundamental alteration, and as measurable ultimately in terms of the manner in which the new replaced the underlying characteristics, the essential idioms, and the spatial realities of the old. The erosive...
Political Economy Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...obstacle to the expansion and diffusion of those forms of ‘publick happiness’ that derived from economic growth. Hence what he described as one of the main purposes of the Wealth of Nations was to sustain a ‘very violent attack’ on all manifestations of *mercantilism —that mode of thinking closely associated with merchants and manufacturers which had captured the imagination of European legislators. The revolt of Britain's North American colonies was coming to a climax as Smith was finishing the Wealth of Nations , and it provided him with an ideal...
Exploration Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...the basis of modes of production, writers such as Ferguson and Millar were not primarily interested in technology nor in the social relations engendered by particular forms of labour, but rather in the degree to which property was institutionalized and in the moral conditions that emerged from various nomadic and settled ways of life. The ‘rudeness’ of hunters was regarded as the effect of their rootless existence. The use of the plough in agriculture, and the consequent emergence of property rights in land and soil, were taken to be fundamental to the...
The Necessity of Renewing Islamic Thought and Reinvigorating Religious Understanding Reference library
Nurcholish Madjid
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...lost its relevance to the present mode of living. Its complete renovation, however, such that it might become suitable for modern life, would require a comprehensive knowledge of modern life in all its aspects, so that this does not become an interest and a [matter of the] competency of the Muslim umma alone, but also of others. Its result, then, does not have to be in the form of Islamic law per se, but a law which embraces everybody for the regulation of a life shared by all. From a more fundamental point of view, the concept of...
The Future of Culture in Egypt Reference library
Tāhā Husayn
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...secondary, and higher schools. If for the sake of argument we suppose that the mentality of our fathers and grandfathers may have been Eastern and essentially antithetic to the Europeans, we must see that our children are quite different. We have been putting into their heads modes of thought and ideas that are almost completely European. I cannot conceive of anyone seriously advocating abandonment of the European system in our schools and revival of techniques used by our ancestors. As a matter of fact, the Europeans borrowed the methods that prevailed in...
The Caliphate and the Bases of Power Reference library
‘Alī ‘Abd Al-Rāziq
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...and religious dogma, not on a unity of state or a system of temporal authority. What proves this is the conduct of the Prophet. We have no knowledge indicating that he sought to interfere in the political direction of the various nations, or that he changed anything in their mode of government or in the administrative or judicial regime of their tribes. Nor did he try to change the social and economic relations existing among the peoples or be-tween them and other nations. We never hear that he deprived a governor of office, named a judge, organized a...
Sensibility Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of a new image of social personality’, based ‘upon the exchange of forms of mobile property and upon modes of consciousness suited to a world of moving objects’. In the view of contemporaries, this new image was brought about by the multiplying ‘encounters with things and persons’, evoking ‘passions and refining them into manners’, experienced in turn as male sensibility. Commercial capitalists changed their manners in fostering new modes of mass mannerliness among customers—both groups primed to change by appetite, by mobility, by religion, by...
Liberation Theology: Latin America Reference library
M. Daniel Carroll R.
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...of the Innocent , indicates, this work is more of an extended reflection on the difficult task of discerning how one might speak about God and reality from within a context of oppression and extreme poverty. In his exposition he contrasts a prophetic posture from the contemplative mode of doing theology and living out a life of faith. The former identifies with God's solidarity with the poor; the latter is grounded in the mystical discovery of the grace of God within adverse circumstances. Both kinds of God-talk were necessary for Job's struggles. They also prefigure...
Political Theory of Islam Reference library
Mawdūdī Abū-L-‘Alā’
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...power and the verse also makes it clear that the mission of the Prophets is to create conditions in which the mass of people will be assured of social justice in accordance with the standards enunciated by God in His Book which gives explicit instructions for a well-disciplined mode of life. In another place God has said: (Muslims are) those who, if We give them power in the land, establish the system of salāt (worship) and zakāt (poor dues) and enjoin virtue and forbid evil and inequity. ( Qur'ān, 22:41 ) You are the best community sent forth to mankind;...
Rethinking Islam Today Reference library
Mohamed Arkoun
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...as a way proposed to man to discover the Absolute. This is another task for our modern project of rethinking Islam, and other religions. 2. Modes of Thinking I would like to clarify and differentiate between the two modes of thinking that Muslim thinkers adopted at the inception of intellectual modernity in their societies (not only in thought), that is, since the beginning of the Nahda [Renaissance] in the 19th century. I do not need to...
Popular Culture Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...oral as literary. The richness and vitality of his language may also have owed something to his Irish cultural origins, shared by so many of the doyens of London popular journalism. Writing for proto-tabloid newspapers like Bell's Weekly in the early 1820s, Egan pioneered new modes of sporting, documentary, and crime reporting which looked forward to the work of the young Charles *Dickens . William *Hazlitt 's ‘The Fight’ and Thomas *De Quincey 's ‘On Murder Viewed as an Art Form’, now regarded as classic examples of Romantic *essay -writing, were...
Islam and Humanism Reference library
Mamadiou Dia
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...of history, contemporary Islam definitely has nothing to lose at the level of fundamentals: at the level of the infrastructure which in this dialectic is nothing but metaphysics. But if words have meaning, if to restore is something other than adding block to block, superimposing superstructures, but making anew that which is at the same time authentic , then, it will have to resolve to replace the ancient edifice by a new, reconstructed elaboration on the fundamentals . It is more than a reform, it is a revolution in the structures of the Islamic...
1700 to the Present Reference library
Ronald Clements
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...were to be accorded the same status as were now given to the conclusions of scientific observation and experiment. Since it was already a commonplace recognition of theology that the biblical writers had conveyed their messages and ideas through senses like our own, based on modes of understanding current at the time, the sharpness of the conflict that arose over Charles Darwin's thesis might have been ameliorated. Already by the middle of the eighteenth century the classical scholar C. G. Heyne (1729–1812) had introduced the term ‘myth’, drawn from its ancient...
The Second Message of Islam Reference library
Mahmoud Mohamed Taha
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...growth. In contrast to dictatorship, democracy is based on the right to make mistakes. This does not mean that individuals are encouraged to make mistakes for the sake of making mistakes, but rather it is recognition of the fact that freedom requires a choice between various modes of action. Democracy implies learning how to choose, choosing well, and correcting previous mistakes. In fact, all self-discipline and the true exercise of freedom are a series of individual actions in choice and implementation. In other words, freedom of thought, freedom of...
Land Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...in the early decades of the nineteenth century. It provided the material foundation for a massive increase in *population as well as a consolidated national market from which to launch into colonial and international spheres, and within which to establish the wage as the fundamental mode of payment for labour. Between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, the creation of a class of agricultural workers who had only their labour power to sell to tenant farmers, who themselves needed to intensify production and compete for markets, provided the paradigm for...
