front group Quick reference
A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (3 ed.)
... group A pressure group that is structured to look like a voluntary association, but may in reality be controlled by a particular interest (such as a company, industry, or political party), and which may give the appearance of being set up to do one thing but actually be set up to do something else on behalf of its parent group. Examples of US environmental front groups include the Coalition for Vehicle Choice, National Wetlands Coalition , and the Wise Use Movement...
front group
Christian-Muslim Democracy Reference library
Dimasangcay A. Pundato
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...on the island of Mindanao. The Moro National Liberation Front, the largest organization representing the Muslims, has waged a war of independence since the 1970s. In 1982, the Reformist Group headed by Dimasangcay A. Pundato (Philippines, born 1947) broke from the front, objecting to the undemocratic internal structure of the movement and the socialist leanings of the movement's leaders, and accepting autonomy rather than independence as the goal of the movement. 1 In the mid-1980s, the Reformist Group joined other pro-democracy forces in peaceful protest...
The Medina Document Reference library
Ali Bulaç
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...the Prophet Muhammad, Jews, and polytheists granting Muslims the right to rule in the Arabian city and at the same time protecting the rights of other groups. With the hijra [the exodus of the Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622] and subsequent developments, there were three main social groups in Medina: Muslims, Jews and the Polytheist Arabs. The Muslim group consisted of refugees from Mecca and the Ansar [literally “helpers,” these were Medinans who accepted Islam]. The Ansar were composed of the Aws [tribe]...
The Participation of Islamists in a Non-Islamic Government Reference library
Rachid Ghannouchi
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...and democracy. Fourth: The Islamic groups which exist in countries colonised by foreign powers. Is there any reason why they should not form a united front with the secular groups in order to confront the common enemy in favour of a national alternative, in which the Muslims would have a better life than under the colonial authority? Certainly, there is nothing to prevent them from doing so. Conclusion If the establishment of the Islamic government is the short or long-term goal of every Islamic group in order to implement Allah's commandments,...
Text of Fatwa Urging Jihad Against Americans (1998) Reference library
Bin Laden Osama
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...power over all things.” Almighty God also says, “So lose no heart, nor fall into despair. For ye must gain mastery if ye are true in faith.” Statement signed by Sheikh Usamah Bin-Muhammad Bin-Ladin; Ayman al-Zawahiri, leader of the Jihad Group in Egypt; Abu-Yasir Rifa‘i Ahmad Taha, a leader of the Islamic Group; Sheikh Mir Hamzah, secretary of the Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Pakistan; and Fazlul Rahman, leader of the Jihad Movement in Bangladesh. Published in Al-Quds al-‘Arabi on February 23, 1998. Reprinted with thanks to S. Suwellam, Arab Electronic Journal...
Suicide Bombings and Martyrdom Reference library
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...of the Muslims from its occupiers and oppressors. Fifth, in modern war, all of society, with all its classes and ethnic groups, is mobilized to participate in the war, to aid its continuation, and to provide it with the material and human fuel required for it to assure the victory of the state fighting its enemies. Every citizen in society must take upon himself a role in the effort to provide for the battle. The entire domestic front, including professionals, laborers, and industrialists, stands behind the fighting army, even if it does not bear arms....
Shura and Democracy Reference library
Osman Fathi
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...contacting masses directly. The Quran urges that groups be found to enjoin the doing of what is right and to forbid the doing of what is wrong ( 3:104 ). The word umma in the Quran does not always mean the whole universal body of believers, as is often assumed, but it can merely mean a group of people (e.g., 3:113 , 5:66 , 6:108 , 7:38 , 159, 164, 28:23 ), especially when the word is connected with the preposition “from,” as in the above-mentioned verse 3:104 : “And let there be from among you a group (umma) that calls to good and enjoins the doing of...
On Martyrdom (Shahadat) Reference library
‘Alī Sharī‘atī
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...classes. The first group consists of the links of the religious chain which began with Abraham. [These links in the] chain of prophets, from the historical point of view, are nearer to us and therefore we know them better. They consist of prophets whose view of society arose from the most deprived social and economic class of society. As Muhammad has said, and history shows us, all of these prophets were either shepherds, or simple hungry artisans and workers. These prophets stand in sharp contrast with the messengers of the other group of founders of...
On the Political Utility of Using Armed Violence Reference library
Mahdi Shams Al-Din Shaikh Muhammad
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...to individual material gain or to achieve some particular influence within the organization. This is what leads, in many cases, to the so-called “struggle of the wings of revolutionary movements within the parties or centers of power” and this leads to breaking up the group into small groups and factions. These are some of the effects of using armed violence. This presentation of the exegencies of armed violence and its effect on civil society and on the Islamic Movement itself reveals that the matter is not only useless but goes beyond this to harm the political...
Participation in Non-Islamic Government Reference library
Rachid Ghannouchi
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...groups which exist in countries colonized by foreign powers. Is there any reason why they should not form a united front with the secular groups in order to confront the common enemy of a national alternative, in which the Muslims would have a better life than under the colonial authority? Certainly, there is nothing to prevent them from doing so. Conclusion If the establishment of the Islamic government is the short or long-term goal of every Islamic group in...
Finnish and Estonian Family Names Reference library
Sirkka Paikkala
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...state languages on an equal basis. Saami languages (North Saami, Inari Saami, and Skolt Saami) have official status as regional minority languages. Finnish and Swedish belong to entirely different language groups, Finnish—together with Estonian—to the Baltic-Finnish language group of Uralic languages, Swedish to the Scandinavian language group of Germanic languages. The population of Finland is about 5,532,000 (at 2020). At the end of 2019, 87.3 percent of them spoke Finnish, 5.2 percent Swedish, and 0.04 percent Saami as their native language. The share...
Democracy or Shuracracy Reference library
Murad Hofmann
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...that has always been characteristic of Islam, a community defined by common conduct (group prayer, public fasting, communal pilgrimage, tax for the poor). Where dire circumstances cause such movements to slide into formal illegality, one should not rush into denying them their right to resistance against State oppression which is, after all, guaranteed by Christian and Islamic teaching ( 42:40 ) alike. 27 And yet it is understandable when the West suspects that groups committing acts of violence, although defensively, and those prone to it, would not...
The Indonesian Revolution Reference library
Muhammad Natsir
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...already been laid down by the great Prophet Muhammad himself—may the Lord bless him and give him peace—when he said, “No man has perfect faith who does not love his brother (man) as he loves himself.” It is on this basis that Islam holds the opinion that the employers’ group and the workers’ group do not constitute two classes each representing particular exclusive interests that conflict with each other and cannot be brought together. Islam considers both employer and worker as factors of industry each having his function, responsibility and share, each of the...
The Future of Culture in Egypt Reference library
Tāhā Husayn
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...he persisted in studies, going on to al-Azhar and attending lectures at the new Egyptian University in Cairo. He became a member of the circle that formed around Lutfī al-Sayyid and the newspaper al-Jarīdah . In 1915 he went to France for studies for four years and returned to front stage in the literary and academic life in Egypt. He was a university administrator and later Minister of Education. His ideas were precocious for Egypt of the early twentieth century: in 1926 his book rejecting pre-Islamic poetry as forgery caused a scandal and was taken off the...
43b The History of the Book in Southeast Asia (2): The Mainland Reference library
Jana Igunma
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Historically, most of the Tai groups in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, and Burma have had their own writing systems based on Indic models of writing. The Lao script, which exists in different styles ( Lao tham , Lao būhān , modern Lao), can be traced back to the 14 th century. It was used to write the Lao language of Laos and northeast Thailand, and Northern Thai as well. Today, it is also employed in writing several minority languages of Laos. Variations of Lao tham were used to write the languages of smaller Tai groups such as Tai Lư and Tai Khœn....
Islamic Faith and the Problem of Pluralism: Relations Among the Believers Reference library
Madjid Nurcholish
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...Islamic world has witnessed the significant non-Muslim minority groups. The existence of these groups has been a proof of the openness, respect and tolerance of Muslims, from the classical time to the present. Muslims, as clearly seen from their (pure) religious teachings, are the mediators (Ar. wâsit ) among many groups of people, and are expected to be the fair and just witnesses to all groups. This is the reason why the classical Muslims were so open, inclusive, and encouraging of other groups while they were in power. In this regard, it is interesting to...
Viewing Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...or auction room. Charles *Lamb , for instance, recalled as a schoolboy ‘shivering in front of printshop windows to extract a few hours' amusement’. Visual representations of individuals gathered before printshop windows are numerous enough in the period to warrant their designation as a distinct type of *conversation piece . J. R. Smith 's mezzotint Spectators at a Print Shop in St. Paul's Churchyard (republished 1774 ) shows two separate dramas unfolding in front of Carington Bowles's premises: a young lady directs her gallant's attention towards a...
Historic Churches Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...panelling of wall surfaces, and the use of large stones arranged in a ‘side‐alternate’ or ‘long‐and‐short’ manner. There are numerous other minor features described by the Taylors, who divide these early churches into three periods: group A ( ad 600–800 ), group B ( 800–950 ), and group C ( 950–1100 ). The third group is the most numerous. The style continued to be used by local builders after 1066 in what is termed the ‘ Saxo‐Norman overlap ’. Large numbers of churches were built, or rebuilt, by the Normans, who continued to use the Romanesque style....
The Forgotten Duty Reference library
Salam Al-Farag Muhammad Abdel
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...for neglecting the duty of jihād which has been thrown upon his shoulder. We must seriously begin to organize jihād activities to return Islam to this nation and to establish an Islamic State, and to exterminate the idols who are only human and who have not (yet) found in front of them anyone who has subdued them with the Command of God—Praised and Exalted He is. From Johannes J. G. Jansen, The Neglected Duty (New York: Macmillan, 1986). Salam Al-Farag Muhammad Abdel ...
