Friendship and Foreign Policy Reference library
Felix Berenskoetter and Yuri van Hoef
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...and U.S.-British relations. Conceptualizing Friendship The study of how friendship affects the making and conduct of foreign policy requires describing what interstate (or international) friendship looks like. That is, it is important to be clear about the ontology of friendship, which requires a conceptual effort. In such an effort one might be tempted to adopt the classic distinction between the friendship of “utility” (instrumental friendship) and the friendship of “virtue” (normative friendship), which can be traced back to the works of Plato and...
Australia China Friendship Society Reference library
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...Australia China Friendship Society Àodàlìyà-Zhōngguó Yǒuhǎo Xiéhuì 澳大利亚中国友好协会 The Australia China Friendship Society ( ACFS ) was established in 1951 and 1952 in Melbourne and Sydney. During the 1950s and 1960s the society represented a coalition of societies whose objective was to develop friendship and peace with the people of China and the Chinese communities in Australia in an effort to foster better cultural understanding. The climax of such activities was the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries in 1972 ....
China-Japan Peace and Friendship Treaty Reference library
Unryu Suganuma
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...China-Japan Peace and Friendship Treaty Zhōng-Rì Yǒuhǎo Tiáoyuē 中日友好条约 After forty years of antagonism, China and Japan signed the China-Japan Peace and Friendship Treaty in Beijing on 12 August 1978 . This treaty represented the turning point of Sino-Japanese relations, and its policies became the cornerstone of Chinese foreign policy. Japan acknowledged the government in Beijing as China’s legitimate government in 1972 with the signing of the Sino-Japanese Joint Communiqué. Once diplomatic relations were therefore renewed, the path was opened...
Love and Friendship Across the Lifespan Reference library
Saeideh Heshmati, Ezra Isabel Cabreros, Olivia Ellis, and M. Betsy Blackard
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
...of friendship found within dyads was similarity. The researchers suggest that toddlers solidify friendships by non-verbally creating similarity through behavioral imitation in play or other activities ( Whaley & Rubenstein, 1994 ). Through these displays, it was proposed that toddlers “do” friendship before coming into the awareness of what they “do” in the childhood stages. This awareness is observed in preschoolers who verbally declare their friendships, further solidifying the relationship, and in first-graders who emphasize their friendships through...
Friendship Reference library
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain
... 1881: 128; Devon. English: nickname from Middle English frendship ‘friendship’ (Old English frēondscipe...
Friendship Quick reference
A Concise Companion to the Jewish Religion
... The two extreme examples of friendship in the Bible are to be found in the story of David and Jonathan (1 Samuel 20) and the story of Ruth and Naomi (Ruth 1). In both these stories one of the friends (Jonathan and Ruth) is ready to sacrifice everything out of loyalty to the bond of friendship. In both instances the friendship is between persons of the same sex. No doubt this is because close friendships between men and women were exceedingly rare, on the grounds of sexual morality, so that ‘friendship’ between a man and a woman was expressed in ...
friendship Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine (3 ed.)
... A fluid, voluntary relationship, varying greatly in duration and intensity, between persons well known to one another, which involves liking and affection, and may also involve mutual obligations such as loyalty. Forming friendships is an important part of the development of a team...
friendship Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...and context. Friendships can range from the relatively casual, depending on shared activity or setting (such as a sports club), to deep and enduring relationships of mutual support. The systematic study of friendship has two main strands. The first is the social-psychological study of the ways in which children develop friendships, and the correlation of types of friendship with chronological age in childhood. Studies of friendship among adults concentrate on patterns of sociability and tend to focus on class differences. Graham Allan ( Friendship: Developing...
friendship Reference library
Paul Gilbert
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 ed.)
... . Attachment characterized by disinterestedness and esteem. Aristotle contrasts friendship proper with relationships entered into for pleasure or advantage, ‘because in them the friend is not loved for being what he is in himself’. The philosophical problems of friendship are to explain: (1) how friendship can be worth while if not for pleasure or advantage, since, as Aristotle observes, ‘no one would choose a friendless existence on condition of having all the other good things in the world’; (2) how friendship, like family relationships, can...
Friendship Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
...out a sort of charter of friendship for the 12th century. This charter was the same that gave the monasteries their coherence and made them an expression of the famous Augustinian cor unum . Without ignoring the difficulties, occasional ambiguities and tribulations of friendship which he had confronted and which he evokes in his Letters , Aelred studies the various forms of friendship before coming to spiritual friendship, which plunges “into contemplation those whom it has united” ( Spiritual friendship 677 C). Thus he reformulates the Ciceronian...
Friendship Reference library
Alexander Kazhdan
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
... (φιλία) was an important category of ancient ethics , praised in both myth and philosophy. The church fathers, although not rejecting philia , contrasted it with true spiritual love or agape . According to Basil the Great (ep.133, ed. Y. Courtonne , 2:47.1–2), “corporeal” friendship is a condition fostered by long association. Byz. epistolography preserved a stereotypical attitude toward friendship, with pertinent complaints about the friend's silence. In the 11th C. the question of friendship was much discussed; Symeon the Theologian and ...
friendship Reference library
Liz Carmichael
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
... The relationship between friends, or the love shown by a friend (friendship-love).Christian discussion has mainly taken place in a W. milieu dependent for its definition of friendship on Aristotle ( Nicomachean Ethics VIII–IX) and Cicero’s On Friendship ( De Amicitia ), where ‘perfect friendship’ is the mutual relationship of two or a very few persons, each distinguished in virtue and loyal to the point of willingness to die for one another. Friendships based on usefulness or pleasure, and the global bonds of human society, were recognized as...
friendship Reference library
Michael Williams
The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
...some Christians such as Basil of Caesarea derived Christian friendship from classical models, others emphasized the contrast between mundane friendship and an ideal spiritual friendship shared among believers. This may be found strongly if unsystematically expressed in Ambrose of Milan ( De Officiis , III, 22, 128–38) and Paulinus of Nola ( ep . 13, 2). Its chief theorist, however, is Augustine, who explicitly approved Cicero’s conception of friendship as agreement on matters human and divine (Augustine, ep. 258, 1; Cicero, Laelius: De Amicitia ,...
friendship Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
...Christian terms as spiritual friendship . The author of De spiritali amicitia , the *Cistercian abbot *Aelred of Rievaulx (d. 1167 ), here summarized a lifetime dedicated to the practice of friendship . He ignored the doubts about friendship in the spiritual life expressed by some of the Desert Fathers and by John *Cassian , whose ‘Sixteenth Conference’ deals with friendship as a danger in a monastic community because friends can conspire against the authority of the abbot. Medieval discourse about same-sex friendship rarely warns against it as a...
Friendship Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
...on foundations and rules to consolidate and strengthen a friendship. In Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Sitten ( The Doctrine of Virtue , 1797 ), Kant distinguished friendship based on a shared moral attitude—perfect friendship—from the less noble utilitarian or political friendship. According to Kant, emotional love is instrumental self-love, and friendship is a duty required by reason. Complete and perfect friendship is unattainable and the hobbyhorse of novelists. Kant's rational views of friendship echoed the age of reason, the ethical duty of sociability...
Friendship Reference library
Kim Paffenroth
The Oxford Guide to the Historical Reception of Augustine
... the treatise on friendship by Aelred of Rievaulx , Spiritual Friendship ( De spirituali amicitia ), which defends the kinds of particular friendships Aug. had described. In the Prologue, Aelred states he has read Cicero on the subject, and we therefore find many parallels to Cicero and Aug. in the work. Aelred echoes Aug.'s image of the friends as two halves of one whole ( De spir. am . 3). He follows Cicero in describing friendship as a virtue to be...
Friendship Reference library
Glynis Carr
The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States
...the truth that “women have always cherished friendships with women, and women writers have always told stories in which women's friendships are central realities.” With these words, Susan Koppelman introduces her anthology of short stories by multiethnic U.S. women writers, Women's Friendships ( 1991 ), a work of “literary archeology” that establishes friendship as an important theme throughout two centuries of literary history. In an afterword, Koppelman provocatively explores the complexity of female friendship and its significance for women at various...
Friendship Reference library
John T. Fitzgerald
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Ethics
...to the ancient discourse about friendship. Theologically, the most important term belonging to ancient friendship language is reconciliation, which the lexicographer Hesychius defines as “friendship” and which ancient writers in general understand as the restoration of friendship. To “reconcile,” therefore, is to “change from enmity to friendship.” That means that when Paul refers to God as reconciling people when they are still enemies ( Rom 5:10 ), he is claiming that God has transformed them into friends. Friendship with God is thus not just something...
friendship Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Chaucer
... . The ancient ideal of friendship was known to the Middle Ages especially through Cicero's De amicitia ( 44 bc ). Cicero argues that the noblest friendship cannot exist without virtue. Its cause is to be found in Nature itself; the word amicitia comes from amor (love). It is concord, as against discord: ‘friendship is nothing else than an accord in all things, human and divine, conjoined with mutual goodwill and affection,’ Friendship surpasses simple propinquitas or ‘closeness’ (as with neighbours or relatives). The ‘mutual goodwill of a...
friendship Quick reference
A Dictionary of Philosophy (3 ed.)
... A topic of moral philosophy much discussed by Plato , Aristotle , and the Stoics , but less so in the modern era, until the reemergence of contextualist and feminist approaches to ethics. In friendship an ‘openness’ of each to the other is found that can be seen as an enlargement of the self. Aristotle writes that ‘the excellent person is related to his friend in the same way as he is related to himself, since a friend is another self; and therefore, just as his own being is choiceworthy for him, the friend’s being is choiceworthy for him in the...
