evolutionary trade-off Quick reference
A Dictionary of Ecology (5 ed.)
... trade-off The situation that occurs when a change in one trait increases fitness , but a simultaneous change in another trait reduces fitness, thus preventing the organism from optimizing both changes. Examples of trade-offs include those between longevity and fecundity (high fecundity shortens life); growth rate and carrying capacity ; and between r -selection and K -selection...
evolutionary trade-off
20b The History of the Book in Britain, 1801–1914 Reference library
Leslie Howsam
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...trade. The three-decker novel format came to an end, while the *penny dreadful flourished. A Society of Authors was founded in 1883 to protect its members’ literary property. Authors’ *literary agent s began to undertake the filtering services previously handled by *publisher s’ readers. A *Net Book Agreement in 1890 ensured that price competition would not damage the infrastructure of the trade. New firms and new series appeared: John *Lane founded the *Bodley Head in 1894 , establishing ambitious aesthetic standards for the book trade; and...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...The three known sites mentioned in 1 Kings 9 are especially well placed. Gezer occupied one of the most important crossroads in ancient Palestine, guarding the place where the ascent to Jerusalem and other highland sites branches off from the major north-south coastal route, the “Way of the Sea.” Thus it protected southern trade routes and was also critical to the defense of Israel's southwestern border, on the edge of lands still controlled by Philistines or sought by Egypt. Megiddo had a similar strategic importance because of its location near the...
Before Israel: Syria-Palestine in the Bronze Age Reference library
Wayne T. Pitard
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...the site itself has provided no written sources, but the city is mentioned in the Mari tablets. It formed the western end of an important trade route that crossed the Syrian desert from Mari, running through Tadmor (Palmyra) to Qatna. This was a much shorter route from Mesopotamia to the southwestern Levant, cutting many miles off the road that looped north along the Euphrates, and it made Qatna one of the major trade hubs of the Near East. The kings of Qatna found it important to befriend whoever controlled Mari, the eastern terminus of the route. When...
Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel Reference library
Lawrence E. Stager
Oxford History of the Biblical World
... By the Late Bronze Age, the aromatics trade had become the most lucrative business in the ancient Near East thanks to the dromedary camel. Not only did the merchants become rich; so did the camel breeders, the escorts who provided protection for caravans through hostile territory, and the rulers who exacted tolls from caravaneers passing through their kingdoms ( see 1 Kings 10.15 ). As J. David Schloen has recognized, it was the disruption of this lucrative caravan trade under the aegis of the Midianites and the protection of...
Darwinian demon
optimality criteria
life history theory
Darwinian demon Quick reference
A Dictionary of Ecology (5 ed.)
...all elements of its fitness simultaneously. It reproduces immediately after birth, produces the maximum number of young, and lives indefinitely. No such organism could exist, but biologists use the concept in thought experiments concerning life history strategies and evolutionary trade-offs . The term also describes a hypothetical being capable of deciding which mutations appear, but with no influence over the natural selection subsequently acting on...
life history theory Quick reference
A Dictionary of Ecology (5 ed.)
...Such events include the age at which the young become independent, the age at which individuals reach sexual maturity, age at first reproduction, gestation period, litter size, interval between reproduction, and adult body size. The allocation to these involves evolutionary trade-offs that permit comparisons between species, often using a Darwinian demon as a base for...
Evolutionary Systems Theory Reference library
Joachim K. Rennstich
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...networks such as trading networks. This notion of the world system (or meta world system) is similar to the ones proposed by other authors basing their analysis on an evolutionary world system framework. (The volumes edited by Denemark et al. 2000 and Thompson 2001 provide the best overview of the various evolutionary world systems approaches.) There exists wide disagreement over the composition of the world systems’ population (e.g., system identity, the level and existence of interaction between its subsystems, its evolutionary development, etc.)....
melanin Quick reference
A Dictionary of Genetics (8 ed.)
...formed by the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine or tryptophan. A segment of the structure is shown below. Skin color variation among humans is an evolutionary adaptation using melanin to screen out harmful ultraviolet light. The sunscreen must be dense enough to prevent the photolysis of folic acid ( q.v. ) but transparent enough to allow the synthesis of vitamin D ( q.v. ). For a given human population, the trade-off depended on the amount of sunshine in the habitat where it evolved. See Appendix C , 2000, Jablonski and Chaplin; agouti , albinism , ...
Experimental Evolution Reference library
Encyclopedia of Evolution
...experiment, and the evolutionary hypothesis can be rejected or provisionally supported by the observations. Experimental evolution permits evolutionary studies to move beyond retrospective comparative analyses. Review of Studies There are many examples of experimental evolutionary studies, and only a few can be mentioned here; more are detailed in Bell ( 1997 ) and Bennett and Lenski ( 1999 ). In regard to testing evolutionary theory, a classic series of studies by Michael Rose and his coworkers ( 1990 ) examined predicted trade-offs between early...
Constraint Reference library
Encyclopedia of Evolution
...interfere with the ability to capture prey. Functional trade-off results when a single character participates in more than one function (as opposed to participation of multiple characters in a single function). In this case, selection to enhance performance of the character in one function is overridden by strong selection on the same character stemming from another function. The failure of iguanian lizards to evolve an optimal vomeronasal chemosensory system, for example, seems to reflect the trade-off between the tongue's essential role in prey capture and...
Complexity Theory Reference library
Encyclopedia of Evolution
...dynamics in simple evolutionary systems at a coarse-grained level. For example, E. van Nimwegen and colleagues ( 1997 , 1999 ) have used such methods to demonstrate that metastable behavior in evolutionary systems can be the result of finite-population effects and can in some simple simulated cases be predicted in detail, and have proposed that these and related results may explain emergent behaviors seen in molecular evolution. Bäck, T. Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice: Evolution Strategies, Evolutionary Programming, Genetic...
Cell Lineage Reference library
Encyclopedia of Evolution
...are two extremes: real embryos are a pastiche of mixed lineages, the exact blend of the two mechanisms possibly reflecting an evolutionary trade-off between maximizing the spatial distribution of cytoplasmic determinants and minimizing the need for differentially committed embryonic cells to migrate. In either case, changes in lineage are one pathway underlying evolutionary change, but the relationship between lineage and evolutionary progression is not at all straightforward, any more than it is for the underlying relationship between lineage and...
Rostow, W. W. (1916–2003) Reference library
Dictionary of the Social Sciences
...of Economic Growth ( 1960 ), which presented a historical account of the transition from traditional to modern societies. This involved a series of stages: the emergence of preconditions for economic take-off , the take-off itself, the drive to maturity, and finally arrival in the era of mass consumption. His approach is similar to earlier evolutionary theories of societal development by anthropologists and economists—among others, Adam Smith , who identified hunting, pastoral, agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing stages. A traditional society,...
Formal International Institutions and the Regulation of Flows of Goods and Services Reference library
Marc Froese
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...such as trade creation. Lowering barriers between two partners creates opportunities to trade. If these opportunities create more trade than is diverted from other partners by the arrangement, both countries will be better off. Lynch ( 2010 ) adds that regional trade agreements may promote investment among regional partners, act as a shield against discriminatory trade practices, buttress domestic economic reforms, increase the visibility and political clout of partners in international negotiations, and achieve other, non-trade political goals....
Prisoner's Dilemma Games Reference library
Encyclopedia of Evolution
...defect with defect). Nowak, M. A. , and R. M. May . “ Evolutionary Games and Spatial Chaos. ” Nature 359 (1992): 826–829. An excellent paper that examines the use of the Prisoner's Dilemma in spatially segregated populations. Poundstone, W. Prisoner's Dilemma: Jon Von Neumann, Game Theory and the Puzzle of the Bomb . New York, 1992. An entertaining and historic overview of the use of the Prisoner's Dilemma game in many disciplines. Ridley, M. The Origins of Virtue . New York, 1996. A fine trade book on evolution and social behavior, with numerous...
