economic sanctions Quick reference
A Dictionary of Business and Management (6 ed.)
... sanctions Action taken by one country or group of countries to harm the economic interest of another country or group of countries, usually to bring about pressure for social or political change. Sanctions normally take the form of restrictions on imports or exports, or on financial transactions. They may be applied to specific items or they may be comprehensive trade bans. There is considerable disagreement over their effectiveness. Critics point out that they are easily evaded and often inflict more pain on those they are designed to help than on the...
Sanctions, Economic Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
...violations of sanctions and identifying additional measures that the Council could adopt to improve implementation. The conventional theory of how sanctions work assumes that political change is directly proportional to economic hardship. The greater the economic pain caused by sanctions, the higher the probability of political compliance. It is assumed that the population in a targeted regime will react to the pain of sanctions by forcing political leaders to change policy. Scholars have termed this the “naive theory” of sanctions because it fails to...
Economic Sanctions Reference library
Encyclopedia of Human Rights
... was repeated relative to Darfur a decade later. Smart Sanctions Perhaps the most important UN response to the controversies surrounding the negative humanitarian impact of sanctions was to alter the design of sanctions. After the imposition of comprehensive sanctions on Haiti in 1994 , every subsequent sanctions episode involved some form of targeted, or “smart,” sanctions, rather than a general trade embargo. Sanctions are “smart” in two ways. First, they take aim at specific subnational economic actors—such as companies, asset holding entities, or...
economic sanctions Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
...under Chap. VII of the U.N. Charter and which ‘may include complete or partial interruption of economic relations and of rail, sea, air, postal, telegraphic, radio, and other means of communication, and the severance of diplomatic relations’: art. 41. While there are some, and increasing, examples of selective economic sanctions being applied by the Security Council, there are only two instances of situations where the Council has imposed a complete economic boycott on a State, specifically against Rhodesia (by Res. 232 ( 1966 ) of 16 December 1966 ) and...
Economic Sanctions and International Security Reference library
David M. Rowe
The International Studies Encyclopedia
...League of Nations sanctions against Italy over the invasion of Ethiopia, US sanctions against Cuba, the British and United Nations economic sanctions against Rhodesia, United Nations sanctions against Serbia, and the United Nations sanctions against Iraq both before and after the 1991 Persian Gulf war, to name just a few. Given that there are no equally apparent, high-profile cases of the unqualified success of sanctions, wondering whether sanctions “work” seems entirely justified. Mostly, however, the two questions of whether sanctions work and whether...
economic sanctions
Economic Sanction as Foreign Policy Reference library
Yoshiharu Kobayashi
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Foreign Policy Analysis
...analyses of sanctions. The article is organized as follows. The first two sections define economic sanctions and discuss their economic impact on sanctioned states. Sections “ Strategic Approach to Sanctions ” and “ Domestic Politics Approach to Sanctions ” then introduce two prominent approaches to economic sanctions, discuss their implications for the questions about how sanctions work, and assess the evidence. Section “ Strategic Approach to Sanctions ” discusses the strategic approach, whereas section “ Domestic Politics Approach to Sanctions ” assesses...
The Concept of Islamic Socialism Reference library
A. K. Brohi
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...of the economic factor. Therefore socialism, as an offspring of materialistic interpretation of history, cannot be acceptable to a Muslim. Hence, no wonder, efforts are afoot to suggest that “socialism” can be spiritualised—and this is sought to be achieved by the simple device of labelling it as “Islamic.” I suspect that the word “Islam” is in Pakistan constantly being utilised as a cloak for importing alien stuff—be these ideologies or institutions. By this device, ideologies and cognate principles of social organisation which have been sanctioned by the...
Poverty Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...destitute with a much broader constituency of the poor, the great mass of ‘inferiors’ at the bottom of the social pyramid. In this sense, poverty was usually taken for granted as a natural state requiring neither redress nor explanation beyond providential sanction, and the particular theory of economic value on which it rested often went unstated or was left vague. Agriculture was still a major source of income for the labouring classes, although it had not employed a majority of the population since the early eighteenth century [ see *agricultural...
Islam and the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women Reference library
Muhammad Shahrour
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...did not make lawful the divinely forbidden or forbid the divinely sanctioned. There are good examples in the Prophet's conduct and sayings. If everything that Muhammad did and said was divinely inspired, it would imply that the Prophet had been transformed into a preprogrammed robot, and robots aren’t suitable examples for humanity. Then came the Companions of the Prophet. All that they did and said represents human judgment and does not relate to the divinely sanctioned or forbidden. As such, their actions and words have historical...
Law Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...to the prohibition and punishment of ‘public wrongs’—was naturally most liable to the intervention of the legislature. Indeed, penal sanctions had already undergone considerable ‘reform’ by parliament before the middle of the eighteenth century, first in the shape of successive statutes which either withdrew benefit of clergy from existing felonies or created new ones, thereby making capital punishment the formal sanction for a great range of offences against all kinds of private property; and secondly by the introduction of an effective form of secondary...
Shari‘a and Basic Human Rights Concerns Reference library
‘Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‘im
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...language, and so on. But because shari‘a does not sanction discrimination on any other grounds except gender and religion, this chapter will focus on these two grounds of discrimination. 8. In the context of the modern nation-state, this tendency is reflected in general intolerance of minorities, whether religious or otherwise. Thus it has been said that “the ideals of national unity manifested by a central concentration of power; by a common language, culture and religion; and by economic and geographical limits, all so fundamental to the...
Domesticity Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...for the middle classes and lower gentry, as well as a strategy of aristocratic recuperation and consolidation at a time of great economic instability. Marriage was the central strategy of material and cultural transmission that helped to stabilize class arrangements and yet to loosen these in order to allow a sanctioned and relative degree of mobility (akin to the sanctioning of relative mobility of capital within the economic sphere). The British aristocracy of this period is often seen as having adopted the middle-class ideal of the sentimental family,...
Landscape History: The Countryside Quick reference
H. S. A. Fox
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...visual economic and social history with the difficult bits missed out. Changes taking place in the landscape of a region or county are recounted alongside ‘explanations’ for the changes drawn from a superficial knowledge of generalized national economic, demographic, and social developments; or changing landscapes are simply seen as ‘reflections’ of those developments. Such approaches are clearly inadequate, because entirely absent from the stage are the local actors, the inhabitants who made and lived in the landscapes, and because local socio‐economic...
Nationalism and Islam Reference library
Abū-L-‘Alā’ Mawdūdī
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...them any chance of developing their natural talents and resources, and deprive them even of the primary right of mere existence. The fundamental principle of the Sharī‘as of God is that the rights of man are based on moral code and not on force. That is, if the moral law sanctions a right to a weak individual or weak people, the powerful individual or the powerful people must honour this right. But in contrast to this nationalism establishes the principle that “might is right” and that the weak has no right because he has no might. . . . Again an essential...
The Modernist Majority Report Reference library
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...this Commission. It is an indisputable article of Muslim creed professed by every Muslim that so far as the basic principles and fundamental attitudes are concerned, Islamic teaching is comprehensive and all-embracing, and Islamic law either actually derives its principles and sanctions from divine authority as revealed in the Holy Qur'ān or clear injunctions based on the Sunna. It is this belief which has been affirmed in the Objectives Resolution and the Constitution of Pakistan. It might be objected that if a well-defined code about Marriage and Family Laws...
Kinship and Kingship: The Early Monarchy Reference library
Carol Meyers
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...the ancient Near East makes it likely that this familiar way of expressing divine sanction for a human ruler was part of the ideology accompanying the establishment of kingship in Israel. The use of son-of-god terminology, however, does not necessarily mean that the king himself was considered divine. Near Eastern sources vary in this respect, with Egyptian rulers claiming actual divinity but Semitic ones, Israel included, using the concept metaphorically to connote divine sanction for dynastic power. These aspects of royal ideology are recovered...
23 The History of the Book in the Low Countries Reference library
Paul Hoftijzer
The Oxford Companion to the Book
... Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum ( 1665–9 ). The book trade in the Dutch Republic equally profited from favourable economic conditions. A good network of roads and waterways made transport easy and inexpensive. Thanks to low interest rates and a well-developed financial market, capital was readily available, and there was abundant skilled labour in all branches of bookmaking. The absence of strict external and internal economic regulation prevented excessive monopolies and market protection. In most cities, restrictive guilds of printers and...
Christian-Muslim Democracy Reference library
Dimasangcay A. Pundato
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...Muslim Filipinos waging a campaign for freedom and democracy for the Muslims in the Philippines. I was among the Muslim idealists shuttling between the Philippines and other parts of Asia, the Middle East, and the United States, seeking support for our armed resistance and economic sanctions against the Philippines to hasten the crumbling down of the dictatorship. As Secretary Manglapus pointed out in one of his speeches in the United States, the Muslims battling the dictatorship were inspired by the Qur'anic precepts on freedom and democracy. ...
Jihad and the Modern World Reference library
Jackson Sherman
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...and non-Muslims. I shall limit myself to only one of the products of the modern encounter between the Muslim world and the West, namely the claim that Islam is a religion of peace. I propose to explore the credibility of this claim via a treatment of jihad, as the religiously sanctioned institution of armed violence in Islam. I shall focus on jihad not from the perspective of jus in bello , i.e., the rules and regulations governing the conduct of combatants in war, but rather from the perspective of jus ad bellum , the causes and justifications for going...
