denying the antecedent Reference library
Colwyn Williamson
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 ed.)
... the antecedent . To reason that, because Nazis hate Jews and John is not a Nazi, he cannot be an anti-Semite, is to commit this fallacy. In the traditional logic of terms, inferences like ‘If A is B , it is C ; it is not A ; therefore it is not C ’ illustrate the fallacy. In propositional calculus , any inference of the form ‘If p then q , and not p ; therefore not q ’ denies the antecedent. Mr Colwyn Williamson See also denying the consequent . C. L. Hamblin , Fallacies (London,...
denying the antecedent Quick reference
A Dictionary of Philosophy (3 ed.)
... the antecedent To argue invalidly that given that if p then q , and given not- p , we can infer not- q . ‘If she is in Barbados she is in the Caribbean; she is not in Barbados, so she is not in the...
denying the antecedent n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
... the antecedent n. In conditional reasoning , arguing invalidly from a hypothetical proposition of the form If p then q that, because p is false, therefore q is false. For example, given the proposition If the burglars entered by the front door, then they forced the lock , it is invalid to deduce from the fact that the burglars did not enter by the front door that they did not force the lock. Compare affirming the antecedent , affirming the consequent , denying the consequent...
denying the antecedent
Exploration Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...not in bolstering a sense of the superiority of the civilized world by displacing non-Europeans into antecedent epochs, but rather in diagnosing flaws and contradictions in European societies, through the evocation of their simpler or original forms. In Millar's work, for example, the detailed narrative in the Historical View of the English Government ( 1787 ) employed the same vocabulary and was motivated by the same underlying moral preoccupations as his Origin of the Distinction of Ranks . The analysis of progress was never unambiguously celebratory, but...
James Reference library
Rainer Riesner and Rainer Riesner
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...dialogue. The letter shows the deep roots of the Jesus movement in the OT and also in Jewish Wisdom and Apocalyptic without denying its own identity, that of belief in the Messianic fulfilment. D. The Author. 1. The simple presentation of a certain ‘James’ as author in the prescript ( 1:1 ) may already point to the most famous bearer of this name in NT times, ‘James, the brother of the Lord’ ( cf. Jude 1 ). In the fourth century Helvidius made James out to be a blood brother of Jesus and Jerome considered him a cousin, but the second-century...
1 John, 2 John, and 3 John Reference library
Judith Lieu, Judith Lieu, Judith Lieu, and Judith Lieu
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...dualist, the third expands beyond the ‘objective’ assertion to a personal affirmation, ‘and we are…’ In all this God is only mentioned derivatively (‘of God’) or indirectly (‘the true one’). The final assertion ‘This one is…’, better than NRSV's unemphatic ‘He’, forms a climax on its own, but its antecedent is unclear. (1) ‘[God] = the true one…is the true God' has a loose parallel in Jn 17:3 , but is tautologous and a poor climax. (2) ‘his Son Jesus Christ…is the true God’ is grammatically more natural, but Jesus is nowhere else in 1 John identified with or as...
Job Reference library
James L. Crenshaw and James L. Crenshaw
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...That seems to be the meaning of vv. 10–12 . Instead of searching for their Maker and expressing gratitude for the gift of songs during the night (the Heb. word zĕmirôt can mean either ‘strength’ or ‘songs’) and acknowledging that the divine teacher instructs by means of animals and birds, they swell with pride. Here Elihu mocks Job's earlier observation that God teaches through animals and birds; in addition, Elihu implies that Job, like the unnamed evildoers, has surrendered to the powerful temptation of pride. The antecedent of the phrase, ‘because of...
Hebrews Reference library
Harold W. Attridge and Harold W. Attridge
The Oxford Bible Commentary
..., the inspiration of the ‘Holy Spirit’ highlights the contemporary application of Scripture. v. 9 , the antecedent of ‘this’ is ambiguous but is most likely the ‘first tabernacle’ of v. 6 . The translation of the NRSV suggests that the ‘present time’ is a time of unfulfilment, the time ‘during which’ ( kath᾽ hen ) ineffective sacrifices are being offered. The translation thus makes the subordinate clause temporal, defining the ‘present’. It should, instead, be rendered as a relative clause, translated ‘according to which’, and construed as modifying the...
1 Thessalonians Reference library
Philip F. Esler and Philip F. Esler
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...). The notion of election, with its long history antecedent to Paul of describing God's choice of Israel as his own people, is now redirected to designate the ex-idolatrous Thessalonians as a group with an extraordinary status and destiny as specially chosen by God. Here Paul both amplifies (or reiterates) their understanding of themselves and also enhances the positive connotations of belonging to such a group. The use of adelphoi , the first of seventeen instances in the letter, continues the kinship discourse already begun with the two references to the...
Psalms Reference library
C. S. Rodd and C. S. Rodd
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...crossing the Red Sea and Jordan, the provision of water in the desert, and the Sinai law-giving (though some see either parallels to creation myths or a specific reference to creation). Changes of verbal forms have led NRSV and NJB to introduce vivid present tenses in vv. 5–6 . The LXX moves ‘Praise the Lord ’ from the end of Ps 113 to the head of this psalm, perhaps rightly, since it then provides an antecedent for ‘his’ (NRSV ‘God's’) in v. 2 . In Dante's Divine Comedy the spirits sing this psalm as they draw near to the island on which the mountain...
1 & 2 Samuel Reference library
Gwilym H. Jones, Gwilym H. Jones, and Gwilym H. Jones
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...). Parallels between this passage and the covenantal passage in Josh 24 have been noted ( McCarter 1980 ): introduction, antecedent history, transition to the present, requirements, blessings, and curses. A covenant between God, people, and king holds the key to the future, for it is not God's wish to abandon his people ( v. 22, cf. Muilenburg 1959 ). Nor will Samuel abandon the people, for he has a prophetic role in the period of the monarchy. Samuel's sons are not expected to follow him because they were among the people ( v. 2 ); in any case judges did...
conditional reasoning
affirming the antecedent
denying the consequent
affirming the consequent
free Will
conditional reasoning n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
...then many people would drown . A counterfactual conditional is a subjunctive conditional in which the antecedent is not merely hypothetical but false: If she had pulled the trigger, then I would have been killed ; and in logic it is necessarily true because its antecedent is false. See also affirming the antecedent , affirming the consequent , biconditional , denying the antecedent , denying the consequent , simulation heuristic...
affirming the antecedent n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
...the antecedent n. In conditional reasoning , arguing validly from a hypothetical proposition of the form If p then q that, because p therefore q . For example, given the proposition If the burglars entered by the front door, then they forced the lock , it is valid to deduce from the fact that the burglars entered by the front door that they must have forced the lock. Also called modus ponens . Compare affirming the consequent , denying the antecedent , denying the consequent...
affirming the consequent n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
...the consequent n. In conditional reasoning , arguing invalidly from a hypothetical proposition of the form If p then q that, because q therefore p . For example, given the proposition If the burglars entered by the front door, then they forced the lock , it is invalid to conclude from the fact that the burglars forced the lock that they must have entered by the front door. Compare affirming the antecedent , denying the antecedent , denying the consequent...
