costal respiration
Respiration, typical of most higher vertebrates, in which movements of the muscles attached to the ribs causes lung ventilation. Compare buccal force pump.
costal respiration Quick reference
A Dictionary of Zoology (5 ed.)
... respiration Respiration, typical of most higher vertebrates, in which movements of the muscles attached to the ribs causes lung ventilation. Compare buccal force pump...
costal respiration
buccal force pump
buccal force pump Quick reference
A Dictionary of Zoology (5 ed.)
...force pump Respiratory system, typical of the Amphibia , whereby air is forced into the lungs by raising the floor of the mouth while the valvular nostril is closed. Compare costal respiration...
Microbial Ecosystem Processes Reference library
Jessica L. M. GUTKNECHT
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability
...impact whether nutrients or elements stay in the soil or leave, potentially polluting the surrounding environment. Respiration Respiration is the use or chemical transformation of any compound for energy production. Aerobic respiration (the use of oxygen as an electron acceptor, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide) is a very efficient process. Where oxygen is available, therefore, microorganisms capable of aerobic respiration will grow quickly and dominate the microbial community. Other chemical transformations used to produce energy, such as...
Biomass Reference library
Encyclopedia of Global Change
...amount added and the amount lost. Biomass is added to an ecosystem through photo- or chemosynthesis. It is decomposed and lost by respiration. Photo- and chemosynthetic organisms add organic matter through these processes and lose it through respiration. Other organisms, called heterotrophs , add biomass by ingesting, digesting, and incorporating organic matter from other organisms. These also lose organic matter through respiration. Most live organic matter on Earth is stored as woody tissue, and most dead organic matter is stored in the litter and soils of...
Atwater, Wilbur O. (1844–1907) Reference library
Andrew F. Smith
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...Rosa, a professor of physics at Wesleyan. The two scientists built an airtight chamber large enough that human subjects could live in it for days, engaging in various activities while researchers carefully observed and measured their food intakes and bodily outputs, including respiration. In this way, the researchers were able to determine food values and systematically calculate and tabulate the caloric composition of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in different foods. This research eventually involved three hundred studies with more than ten thousand men,...
sugarcane agriculture Reference library
Benjamin L. Legendre
The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets
...for sucrose accumulation. Plant maturity also has a role in the relative rate of sucrose accumulation since, in the early stage of growth, plant tissues contain high levels of nitrogen, moisture, invert sugars, and enzymes, while operating with enhanced nitrogen metabolism and respiration rates. The process of aging eventually produces conditions where there is a gradual exhaustion of nitrogen and water with lowered reducing sugars, namely glucose and fructose, and reduced activities of the enzymes, resulting in the accumulation of sucrose. Thus, cane maturity...
Containing Carbon Through Cap-and-Trade or a Per-Unit Tax Reference library
John A. Sorrentino
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Environmental Economics
...will reduce emissions to the level that equates their marginal (incremental) emissions-reduction cost to the tax or the permit price . Ideally, they would be equal, and would both equal the marginal social cost (a.k.a. marginal damage cost, social cost) of carbon. When applying the theory to the real world, ideal conditions with full information do not exist. When information is incomplete and/or asymmetric between the regulator and the regulated, the cost of obtaining true information must be considered. The debate over whether to control prices or...
Psychophysiology in Political Decision-Making Research Reference library
Matthew V. Hibbing, Melissa N. Baker, and Kathryn A. Herzog
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Political Decision Making
...to one stimulus and lower it in response to another. People simply do not have the kind of fine-grained control necessary to manipulate electrodermal activity (EDA) responses. To understand the research value of that feature, contrast EDA with respiration or facial muscle response. While a person’s respiration may unconsciously change in response to affective arousal (e.g., quickening when watching a scary movie), he or she can also consciously override this response and exert direct control over breathing patterns (“Okay, deep breaths”). Similarly, facial...
Neurobiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Reference library
Steven Holfinger, M. Melanie Lyons, Nitin Bhatt, and Ulysses Magalang
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Systems
...Ikeda et al., 2017 , Saunders & Levitt, 2020 ). The preBötzinger complex pattern-generating neurons also have neurokinin-1 receptors for substance P, which increase the respiratory rate. Wakefulness Stimulus on Respiration The wakefulness stimuli of respiration broadly refer to the tonic stimulation of wake-promoting neurochemicals on respiration. With change from wake to non–rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), there is a drop in norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, dopamine, acetylcholine, and hypocretin, with analogous drop in muscle tone and response to...
Ocean Acidification—Measurement Reference library
Adrienne J. SUTTON
Berkshire Encyclopedia of Sustainability
...cost. In general, as of the early twenty-first century, surface ocean waters are saturated with respect to aragonite and calcite minerals. Seasonal aragonite undersaturation has been documented in some areas of the surface ocean in upwelling regions ( Feely et al. 2008 ) and in cold, high-latitude regions ( Bates, Mathis, and Cooper 2009 ; Mathis, Cross, and Bates 2011 ), which has been attributed to the anthropogenic uptake of CO 2 . Deep ocean waters are naturally undersaturated with respect to aragonite and calcite due to the products of respiration...
Salamanders and Newts Reference library
The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians (2 ed.)
...grow. Large animals have a small surface area in proportion to their volume, and so have greater difficulty than small animals in supplying all their tissues with oxygen if they are dependent on their skin for respiration. Despite this fact, some lungless salamanders are more than 20cm (8in) long. The most important factor in using the skin for respiration is that it must be moist at all times for oxygen to be taken up by the blood in capillaries beneath the skin. For this reason, lungless salamanders living in temperate habitats are confined for most of their...
Tropical Forests and Global Change Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Global Change
... et al., 2007 ) occurs as a result of U.S. government promotion of a carbon offset resulting from ethanol produced by corn that occurs at a cost of about $500 per ton of CO 2 ( Koplow , 2006 ). Political Opportunities Tropical deforestation accounts for roughly 20% of global CO 2 emissions, so reducing deforestation has substantial potential to reduce emissions, a potential enhanced by the relatively low cost of reducing emissions from deforestation compared to other emission-reduction strategies ( Gullison et al., 2007 ). Early skeptics of...
Dairy, Science, Society, and the Environment Reference library
Christopher Lu
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...in Dairy Cows. Various methods are used to acquire accurate levels of CH 4 being produced including sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ), whole animal respiration chambers, and a ventilated hood system. The whole-animal respiration chamber appears to be the most accurate and is used as the standard. The SF 6 technique is the most affordable and widely used, but it is less accurate than the whole-animal respiration chamber owing to the influence of permeation rates of SF 6 ( Lassey, Pinares-Patiño, Martin, Molano, & McMillan, 2011 ). Despite an influence of...
Psychosocial Measurement Issues in Sport and Exercise Settings Reference library
Gershon Tenenbaum and Edson Filho
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology
...(e.g., concentric, isometric, eccentric) all influence EMG responses. Respiration response, especially breathing rate and amplitude, is another variable studied by applied psychologists, who are particularly interested in relating respiration responses to performance and other physiological variables. For instance, respiration is related to cardiovascular activity, as changes in breathing patterns correlate with changes in heart rate ( Plowman & Smith, 2013 ). Changes in respiration are also reflected in electrodermal activity. Spirometry testing is used...
Other Crustaceans Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Underwater Life
...lie in a humid microchamber and the endopods are well supplied with blood to act as the respiratory surface. Porcellio and Armadillidium species tolerate dryer conditions than can Oniscus species and use the outlying exopods of the first pair of pleopods for respiration. The danger of desiccation is reduced, for these exopods have intuckings of the cuticle (pseudotracheae) as sites of respiratory exchange. Most isopods are scavenging omnivores, some tending to a diet of plant matter, especially the woodlice which contain bacteria in the gut to...
Cultivation and Environmental Impact of Corn Reference library
Emerson Nafziger
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...supply. To assess the cost of N as an environmental cost, we can divide the cost of the input (in terms of greenhouse gases and effect on water quality) by the yield: This of course would show a lower cost for the higher-yielding crop. As one of the highest-yielding of world crops, corn could be said to have one of the smallest “per-ton” environmental costs. That’s an oversimplification, given that much of the corn produced, in contrast to crops like wheat and rice, is fed to livestock, which increases the per-calorie environmental cost of food produced by the...
Appeal to Bystander Interventions: A Normative Approach to Health and Risk Messaging Reference library
Shawn Meghan Burn
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Health and Risk Message Design and Processing
...cost–reward model of helping , bystanders are more likely to intervene when another’s distress increases the bystander’s arousal and the perceived rewards of intervention outweigh the costs of inaction, or alternatively, when the costs of inaction (such as guilt or shame) outweigh the costs of action ( Fischer et al., 2011 ; Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, & Clark, 1981 ). Latané and Darley ( 1970 ) also suggested that the “reward–cost structure” of the situation affects the bystander’s perceptions and actions. From the point of view of the arousal–cost...
Water-Quality Trends Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Global Change
...as in the Seine basin, the present levels may reach 50 times the preanthropogenic values (700 micrograms of phosphorus per liter, compared to 10–20 µg P/L). In the Seine the resulting algal biomass is responsible for marked hypoxia in the turbid estuarine zone, where bacterial respiration predominates greatly over primary production. In lakes and reservoirs, excessive algal production is responsible for the hypoxia and anoxia of bottom waters with subsequent release of NH 4 + , metals, and PO 4 –3 , a common feature of eutrophic (overly nutrient-rich) water...
