corruption Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...corruption The use of bribery to influence the actions of a public official. More generally, corruption refers to obtaining private gains from public office through bribes, extortion, and embezzlement of public...
corruption Quick reference
A Dictionary of Business and Management (6 ed.)
... 1. The introduction of errors into computer data through mechanical accident or malfunction. All forms of electronic or magnetic data storage are vulnerable to corruption, which can occur for no discernible reason. Corruption can also occur when data is sent over telephone lines between communicating computers. 2. See bribery...
corruption Quick reference
A Dictionary of the Bible (2 ed.)
... The corruption and decay and death to which the present world is subject. Peter (Acts 2: 27) quotes Ps. 16: 10, which is a thanksgiving for preservation from these evils. At that time it was assumed that the psalm was written by King * David ; but David died, so it followed that the psalm must be a prophecy about the Son of David, the * Messiah : he would not suffer bodily corruption. The argument—rabbinic‐style—was intended to demonstrate that Jesus' triumph at * Easter over this corruption proved that he was the...
corruption Quick reference
A Dictionary of Business and Management in India
...corruption Dishonest or fraudulent use of a position of trust or power for illegal gain. Corruption assumes a number of forms, including bribery, embezzlement, fraud, and extortion. Systemic or endemic corruption is primarily the result of institutional or organizational weaknesses and can coexist with individual propensity to indulge in corrupt practices. Corruption is more likely in an environment where there is monopoly , high levels of individual discretionary power, lack of transparency, and high levels of impunity. Corrupt practices are reportedly...
Corruption Reference library
John Mukum Mbaku and Yan Sun
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
... [ This entry includes two subentries, an overview and a discussion of corruption in East Asia .] Overview Contemporary social science defines corruption in terms of three basic models. First, corruption is related to the performance of the duties of a public office. According to Joseph S. Nye , corruption is “behavior which deviates from the normal duties of a public role because of private-regarding… influence” (p. 419). Second, corruption is related to the economic concept of exchange; government intervention in the marketplace can provide...
corruption Quick reference
Federico Varese
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...show a negative relation between corruption and economic growth; Protestant religious traditions; former British colonial status; openness to trade; current democratic government; and long exposure to democracy. Empirical regularities are no substitute for explanatory mechanisms. Is corruption a function of red tape or is red tape a function of corruption? If corruption were a function of red tape, bribes could be an efficient way to get round red tape. Contrary to this view, many argue that in the long term corruption breeds inefficiency. Also, with...
corruption Reference library
A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450–2000
... A corrupt reading, or textual corruption, is a mistaken or inaccurate reading, the result of faulty copying or transmission—or at least what is deemed by a textual editor to be so. The terms ‘corrupt’ and ‘corruption’, as also ‘contamination’ ( See contamination ), imply a pejorative or judgemental view of the reading in question, based on assumptions that may or may not be warranted. For this reason, these terms tend to be used less readily and more circumspectly by modern textual critics and editors than they used to be, especially when individual...
corruption (in relation to China) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in China
...corruption ( in relation to China ) The abuse of entrusted power or public position for either private or sectarian gain, including receiving bribes and unregulated incentives. China has become engulfed by escalating and endemic corruption since the shift to free-market economics , and it is encouraged by the country’s typically weak regulatory practices. Widespread political factionalism , patronage, and nepotism courtesy of China’s one-party state and guanxi heightens this problem, and it has the potential to corrode the legitimacy of the Chinese...
Corruption Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Crime and Mystery Writing
... . In crime and mystery fiction the perversion of integrity and debasement of standards or relationships signified by the term “corruption” is particularly associated with the writing of the hard-boiled school. While murderers of many sorts and conspiratorial plans for crimes such as robbery may be loosely designated “corrupt,” it is the vision developed by hard-boiled authors of a world where crime is typical and tawdriness ubiquitous that makes corruption fundamental to narrative. Dashiell Hammett 's Continental Op in Red Harvest ( 1929 )...
Corruption Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...corruption will return. Many unresolved issues drive current research. How did East Asia combine rapid growth with extensive corruption for three decades, while African corruption deepened instability and poverty? What role did corruption play in the Asian financial crisis that began in 1997 ? Conversely, can countries move toward markets and democracy without experiencing a surge of corruption? Do we need to distinguish among varieties, and is so-called “petty corruption” affecting ordinary citizens any less significant than high-level “grand corruption”?...
Corruption Reference library
Michael Johnston
The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
... Johnston, Michael . Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy . (Cambridge, UK, 2005). Proposes four qualitatively different corruption syndromes, including those of market democracies, and distinguishes among the implications of each syndrome for democratization and growth. Johnston, Michael , ed. Public Sector Corruption . 4 vols. (London, 2010). A compendium of top research articles on corruption and reform, with an emphasis on work published 2000–2010. Rose-Ackerman, Susan . Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and...
Corruption Reference library
Oxford Companion to Australian Politics
...detailing the nature and kinds of corruption that do occur, it is well to remember that Australia suffers relatively little corruption. As corruption and ethics have reached the top of a world agenda, Transparency International, a non-government organisation based in Berlin, has monitored and ranked more than one hundred nations on its ‘Corruption Perception Index’. It consistently ranks Australia as relatively corruption-free. The first and most important point to make about political corruption is that the electoral systems are free and fair—so much so...
corruption Quick reference
A Dictionary of African Politics
...corruption In its political manifestation, corruption refers to dishonest or fraudulent behaviour by those in power. This is typically illegal and often involves demanding or paying bribes. Corruption is, therefore, closely connected to a number of other phrases such as kitu kidogo , chai , and being asked for something small . Corruption has often been cited as one of the main barriers to development in Africa. For example, it is estimated that Nigerian leaders stole around $380 billion between independence and 2006 —more than the total foreign...
Corruption Reference library
Arindam Das-Gupta
The New Oxford Companion to Economics in India (3 ed.)
... Types of Corruption Corruption and its control were discussed in Kautilya’s Arthashastra around 2,000 years ago. Recent Indian scholarly and policy discussion continue this tradition of contributing to the understanding of corruption and its remedies. As is done here, corruption is usually defined as the misuse of public office for private gain. Common manifestations of corruption are bribes in cash or kind taken by politicians or bureaucrats either in return for illegal favours (referred to here as voluntary bribes) or for refraining to use...
corruption Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
... Legislative Guide for the Implementation of the U.N. Convention against Corruption ( 2007 ). See also the Inter-American Convention against Corruption of 29 March 1996 ( O.A.S. Treaty B-58 ); the European Criminal Law Convention on Corruption of 27 January 1999 ( E.T.S. No. 173 ); the European Civil Law Corruption Convention of 4 November 1999 ( E.T.S. No. 174 ). See Sarre , Das , and Albrecht , Policing Corruption: International Perspectives ( 2004 ); Eicher , Corruption in International Business: The Challenge of Cultural and Legal Diversity ...
Corruption Reference library
Alexander Kazhdan and Nicolas Oikonomides
The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
...objects belonging to the state (e.g., ropes or other parts of a ship) were widespread types of corruption and barely distinguishable from theft. The state might condone such practices and even institutionalize them (e.g., the payment of judges by litigants), but in some cases measures had to be taken to suppress dangerous excesses; thus, for instance, some emperors of the 10th C. tried to limit corruption in the form of seizure of land by the Dynatoi . Corruption is denounced by Byz. authors of all periods. They criticized not so much the purchase of titles...
corruption ((in relation to India)) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in India
... (in relation to India) The abuse of entrusted power or public position for either private or factional gain, including receiving bribes and unregulated incentives. India has become engulfed by a series of high-profile corruption cases relating to the Commonwealth Games (2010) , telecommunications, coal mining, water access, aviation, and homes for war widows. The post-1990s era of high economic growth courtesy of the shift to free-market economics has magnified its occurrence, and it is encouraged by typically weak regulatory practices....
Corruption Reference library
Robert W. Murray
The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of the American Enlightenment
...of the perceived corruption in the British monarchy. In the many pieces of propaganda and literature which spread throughout the colonies during the 1770s and 1780s, King George III was deemed to be entirely corrupt in his treatment of the American colonists. To prove this corruption, writers like Thomas Paine used the rhetoric of natural rights and social contract theory. The meaning of corruption would become even more widely known in America. In the Declaration of Independence, the need to protect natural rights from government corruption provided the basis...
corruption Reference library
The New Oxford Companion to Law
... Defined as a quid pro quo in which private gain is secured at public expense, corruption is a broad term, describing a range of activities. From bribery to win contracts, to electoral malpractice, to offering inducements to public servants, the term is necessarily capacious. It is similarly venerable. No less a figure than Moses ' father‐in‐law urged that judicial selection should ‘look for men who are trustworthy and hate dishonest gain’ (Exodus 18:21). The Sale of Offices Act 1551 penalized ‘corruption in offices of justice or places of trust’...
corruption Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
... Charges of corruption (fraud, bribery , ambitus , double‐dealing, peculation, or the sale of offices) should be viewed against the norms of the society in which the accusation is made. Most of the surviving classical evidence comes from works whose primary purpose is denigration. Accusations of corruption were part of a rhetoric of execration intended to damn an opponent in as many memorable ways as possible. These claims should be accorded the same degree of credibility as invective concerning dubious ancestry, sexual perversion, or deformity ....
