computer science Quick reference
A Dictionary of Computer Science (7 ed.)
... science The study of computers, their underlying principles and use. It comprises topics such as: programming; information structures; software engineering; programming languages; compilers and operating systems; hardware design and testing; computer system architecture; computer networks and distributed systems; systems analysis and design; theories of information, systems, and computation; applicable mathematics and electronics; computing techniques (e.g. graphics, simulation, artificial intelligence, and neural networks); applications; social,...
Computer Science Reference library
David Alan Grier
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine, and Technology
... Science Computer science, the study of computational activities, emerged in the mid-twentieth century as a combination of mathematics, philosophy, and electrical engineering. As it developed, it retained elements of all three, as it embraced more and more subjects, including cognitive psychology, graphic design, and systems engineering. Although its practitioners have often debated whether computer science truly has the attributes of a true science, the field has shown itself to be remarkably powerful and flexible in its ability to abstract and...
computer science Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
... science . Computer science is the study of the principles and the use of devices for the processing and storing of usually digital data using instructions in the form of a program. Before the existence of modern computers, people who performed calculations manually were known as “computers.” The term “computer science,” signifying a particular combination of applied mathematics (particularly logic and set theory), and engineering (normally electronic) first occurred as the name of a university department at Purdue (U.S.) in 1962 . The two key areas of...
computer science
Computer Science Net
19 The Electronic Book Reference library
Eileen Gardiner and Ronald G. Musto
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...and the mouse. Most importantly for the future of the book, it demonstrated hypertext and introduced the ‘paper paradigm’, which embodied the current standard experience of a computer: windows, black text on white background, files, folders, and a desktop. At the same time, Andries van Dam was working with colleagues at the Brown University Center for Computer & Information Sciences, developing the Hypertext Editing System, unveiled in April 1969 . This spawned a variety of hypermedia and hypertext experiments during the 1970s and 1980s . Between 1978 ...
Family History Quick reference
Anthony Camp
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...an early interest in computers and in computer programs specifically designed for recording pedigrees. A computer group was formed within the Society of Genealogists, and from 1982–2005 it published a quarterly journal, Computers in Genealogy , to report progress in the application of computers in genealogy. A wide variety of computer programs has since appeared. The management and arrangement of genealogical information, whether by drop‐line chart pedigree, indented narrative, printed card or form, punched card or computer, is undoubtedly one of the...
Human History as Divine Revelation: A Dialogue Reference library
Mazrui Ali A.
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...on traditional Islamic authority. You are right. The march of Islamic knowledge requires both shoulders of authority and the gift of independent reasoning. Your maternal grandfather combined both forms of analysis, may he rest in peace. You say Islam is pro-science. Muslims have not been pro-science for hundreds of years. That is why we are left behind. How many Muslims have won the Nobel Prize for medicine, chemistry, physics or economics? Please check from any major encyclopedia—like the Britannica. Contrast that with how many Jews have won the different...
13 The Manuscript after the Coming of Print Reference library
Harold Love
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...ledgers—of transactions in business, the law, and science. Their forerunners had been active since the first *stylus incised the first clay *tablet . Much of their work, like that of Melville’s Bartleby, Gogol’s Akaky Akakevich, and Flaubert’s Bouvard and Pécuchet, was the soul-destroying creation of duplicate records. In Shaw’s Misalliance , a copy-clerk is driven to attempted murder by the monotony and pointlessness of his job. Most inscriptional tasks have now moved via *typewriting to the computer. Handwriting today is used to create evanescent...
20c The History of the Book in Britain from 1914 Reference library
Claire Squires
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...while in the 2000s a televised book club, *Richard and Judy , became the single most effective maker of bestsellers. Meanwhile, technological advances have led to rapid changes in the sectors of educational, STM (Science, Technical, and Medical), and reference publishing, with digital publishing pushing new business models ( see computer ; 19 ). The nature of some market sectors has rendered book publishers into information providers, with their products barely recognizable as the traditional *codex . As these technological developments have...
1 Writing Systems Reference library
Andrew Robinson
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...would include, in addition to Ice Age cave symbols and Middle Eastern clay ‘tokens’, the Pictish symbol stones and tallies such as the fascinating knotted Inca quipus, but also contemporary sign systems such as international transportation symbols, highway code signs, computer icons, and mathematical and musical notation. None of these ancient or modern systems is capable of expressing ‘any and all thought’, but each is good at specialized communication (DeFrancis, Visible Speech , 4). 2 Development and diffusion of writing systems To express the...
42 The History of the Book in Japan Reference library
P. F. Kornicki
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...in fact Dutch translations of books published first in other languages.) Thereafter, the Dutchmen were requested to bring more medical and scientific books, and in the 19 th century books on military science as well. In this way, a thin but steady stream of imports introduced empirical science to Japan and familiarized Japanese with European science and medicine well before the so-called opening of Japan in 1854 . From the 1850s onwards, it became easier to acquire Western books as foreigners began to settle and trade in the treaty ports of Yokohama...
48 The History of the Book in America Reference library
Scott E. Casper and Joan Shelley Rubin
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...At the same time, both in the interwar years and with greater urgency as the atomic age dawned, trade houses produced volumes of popular science for general audiences. Similarly, Protestant religious publishing involved a mixture of institutions. Some church-owned publishing firms (e.g. *Methodist Book Concern ) issued devotional and inspirational texts. Steady sellers, such as Mary Baker Eddy’s Science and Health , came from church-related publishers. The market for bibles repackaged in a variety of formats expanded, stimulated by non-profit...
18 Theories of Text, Editorial Theory, and Textual Criticism Reference library
Marcus Walsh
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Peckham , ‘ Reflections on the Foundations of Modern Textual Editing ’, Proof , 1 (1971), 122–55 Reynolds and Wilson W. Shakespeare , Mr William Shakespeare his Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies , ed. E. Capell (10 vols, 1767–8) P. Shillingsburg , Scholarly Editing in the Computer Age (1996) D. N. Smith , ed., Eighteenth Century Essays on Shakespeare , 2e (1963) G. Tanselle , ‘ Greg’s Theory of Copy-Text and the Editing of American Literature ’, SB 28 (1975), 167–230 — ‘ The Editorial Problem of Final Authorial Intention ’, SB 29 (1976), 167–211 —...
