commission of array Reference library
A Dictionary of English Manuscript Terminology 1450–2000
... of array A commission of array is a formal instruction emanating directly or indirectly from the Crown (except in the Interregnum, when Parliament implemented the Militia Ordinance of 1641 ) for the raising of a force of militia by local officers or gentry. The term is also applied to the body of men so charged. See also muster rolls...
commission of array Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Military History
... of array Beginning in Edward I's reign the normal method of recruiting infantry troops was to set up commissions of array, although commissioners had been used earlier to ensure that men were properly provided with military equipment. All able-bodied men were obliged under the terms of the Statute of Winchester of 1285 to possess military equipment appropriate to their status. The commissioners, normally men with military experience, were appointed to recruit specified numbers of men for individual campaigns. In practice, the task of selecting men...
Array, Commission of Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of Local and Family History
..., Commission of . In the late 13th century, in order to raise an army from each shire in times of emergency, Edward I appointed commissioners from the ranks of the barons , knights of the shire, and officers of the royal household to choose from the muster rolls the required number of men from each township . Musters of males aged between 15 and 60 were held twice a year in every hundred or liberty . Wages were paid to men who had to serve abroad, but each man was expected to provide his own equipment. This system of providing against emergency...
Array, Commission of Quick reference
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
..., Commission of In the late 13th century, in order to raise an army from each shire in times of emergency, Edward I appointed commissioners from the ranks of the barons , knights of the shire , and officers of the royal household to choose from the muster rolls the required number of men from each township . Musters of males aged between 15 and 60 were held twice a year in every hundred or liberty . Wages were paid to men who had to serve abroad, but each man was expected to provide his own equipment. This system of providing against emergency...
array, commissions of Quick reference
A Dictionary of British History (3 ed.)
..., commissions of This was a means of raising local troops. The commissions instructed individuals to raise troops in their area and were first issued by Edward I . Parliament succeeded in obtaining a number of concessions. Edward III promised in 1327 not to employ the men outside their county, save in case of invasion; in 1344 that the crown would pay wages if they were asked to serve outside the kingdom; in 1350 that commissions would only be issued with the consent of Parliament. After mid‐16th cent. it was more convenient to ask the ...
array, commissions of Reference library
J. A. Cannon
The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.)
..., commissions of . This was a means of raising local troops between the fyrd and the feudal levy and the militia of modern times. The commissions instructed individuals, usually gentry or noblemen, to raise troops in their area and were first issued by Edward I . They were a heavy burden, particularly if the cost fell upon the township or locality and Parliament succeeded in obtaining a number of concessions. Edward III promised in 1327 not to employ the men outside their county, save in case of invasion; in 1344 that the crown would pay wages if...
commission of Array
Painting Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of eminently unheroic people—women in fancy hats, humble prelates, and country gentry—jostle at the edges of Opie's and Northcote's history paintings, and hover beneath Reynolds's huge canvas. Furthermore, the crowd of visitors who attend the exhibition is made up not of a select group of élite males, but of a more motley crew of men and women (and children). Many seem wholly uninterested in the paintings on show, and more preoccupied with enjoying the event as an opportunity for entertainment and gossip. In this satirical context, the array of canvases...
Irish Local and Family History Quick reference
Kevin Whelan
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...where the fusion of a diverse environmental base and a complex array of historical experiences has generated a variety of regions, each with a distinctive historical trajectory and inherited character. Because the country has only recently become urbanized, and because of the enduring role of its historical experience at the centre of its cultural and political life, Irish people remain intensely territorial. The sense of place and of kinship remains strong, reflected in a vibrant interest in local and family history. Currently, both of these are thriving,...
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Reference library
Michael Dobson and Anthony Davies
The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare (2 ed.)
...style. Using little more than 30% of the full text, Zeffirelli’s priority was clearly to target a young audience with a racy film made up of short-duration shots. Kenneth Branagh ’s Hamlet ( 1996 ) incorporates the First Folio text uncut with some additions from the second quarto. The complete version lasting over four hours is filmed on a lavish scale and the cast lists an array of famous names even in the small parts. The inclusion of a number of American film actors moves the film away from the British tradition of casting established stage actors for...
Novels Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...and later ranging across a dazzling array of times and countries, opened with a first novel, Waverley ( 1814 ), which in its introductory chapter carefully marked out its difference from the typical productions of the modern novel, describing itself as a maiden knight entering the lists of fiction. The romance motif, denied in this opening chapter and in the novel as a whole (which sets Edward Waverley as a variant of Quixote, encountering the reality behind the Romantic illusion of Jacobite Scotland), was in practice a key factor in Scott's appeal....
Education Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...come out of parish rates, they had no real security. As the fears of Catholicism subsided among the higher social ranks over the course of the eighteenth century, subscriptions for charity schools began to dry up, and their expansion halted. Anything approaching systematic organization of lower-class schooling in England and Wales, let alone an integrated national structure supervised or subsidized by the state, had to await the nineteenth century. Individual enterprise filled many gaps, however. A large array of institutions, embracing a large range of age...
Towns Quick reference
David M. Palliser
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...acquiring much self‐government. So far the Church has been mentioned chiefly as an institution connected with the founding and governing of some towns, but it should also be remembered that it played a major role, and usually a very positive one, in the life of all medieval towns. Not all towns had a cathedral, monastery, nunnery , or major church, but nearly all had one or more parish churches, and many had a wide array of other ecclesiastical institutions—chapels, hospitals , and so on. In the 13th century towns acquired friaries , which were essentially...
48 The History of the Book in America Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...an ever-expanding array of religious, ethnic, occupational, political, and regional ties, which complicate any unitary definition of national culture. That multiplicity of collective identities, as well as the differences among the intermediaries themselves, has worked to foster a wider range of meanings, purposes, and settings for reading. 2 The colonial period: a transatlantic world of books 2.1 17 th -century printing Printing in America before 1700 was a colonial endeavour in most respects. The first printers were immigrants, some of whose families would...
Gender Violence
Benedict Mason
William Young
Henry E. Huntington
William Chambers
Harrison, Wallace Kirkman (1895–1981) Reference library
Patrick Goode
The Oxford Companion to Architecture
...Wallace Kirkman ( 1895–1981 ) and Abramovitz, Max ( 1908–2004 ) US architect s. Their firm ( 1945–76 ) designed three of the most prestigious commissions in post-war New York: the United Nations Headquarters ( 1947–53 , with the involvement of Le Corbusier, Niemeyer and Markelius); the Lincoln Centre for the Performing Arts, which includes the Metropolitan Opera House and Avery Fisher (formerly Philharmonic) Hall ( 1959–66 ); and the Albany South Mall ( 1963–78 ). Respectively a modernist curtain-walled glass slab, an exercise in stripped...
