antitrust Reference library
Garner's Modern English Usage (5 ed.)
... . So written—without a hyphen. ...
antitrust Quick reference
A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.)
...antitrust The US term for policies designed to restrict monopoly and promote competition. The Antitrust Division of the US Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission are the main agencies for antitrust policy. The name comes from the US use of trusts to describe large firms formed by amalgamation. US antitrust measures frequently work by making practices such as price discrimination illegal. The very name embodies an anti-monopoly position. This can be contrasted with UK terminology, where the Monopolies and Mergers Commission , now the ...
antitrust (China) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Business and Management in China
... (China) China’s antitrust law is covered under its Anti-Monopoly Law ( AML ), which was implemented in August 2008 in order to promote competition and curb abuse of a dominant market position. In enforcement of the AML, emphasis is placed on the practice of authorities, as there remains some uncertainty over implementation of the law. That said, enforcement has increased over time. In addition, the merger control authority, the Ministry of Commerce , must review merger decisions for violation of this...
Antitrust Reference library
James May
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.)
...of antitrust enforcement officials in other nations. More and more nations now have adopted their own antitrust laws, and in recent years there has been substantially increased cooperation among antitrust authorities in various countries designed to check more effectively anticompetitive activity crossing national borders. Conclusion. Although the major developments discussed here have dominated antitrust law since the late nineteenth century, antitrust analysis also has focused on such other important issues as the scope of various exceptions to antitrust...
antitrust Reference library
The New Oxford Companion to Law
...…’. The term ‘antitrust’ adverts to one of the reasons for passing the Sherman Act, which was to combat the power of the ‘trusts’ set up by the railroad companies. It had become common for the owners of stocks held in competing companies to transfer them to trustees who then controlled the activities of the competitors and consequently lessened competition between them. ‘Antitrust’ is often used throughout the world as a synonym for competition law. In Europe, however, the Competition Directorate‐General of the EU Commission uses ‘antitrust’ to denote the...
Antitrust Reference library
Tony A. Freyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...the managerial revolution in American business. In the United States, antitrust legislation first emerged out of popular concerns about the rise of corporate big business. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century other nations enacted antitrust laws, and by the turn of the twenty-first century the internationalization of antitrust had become central to the process of globalization associated with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Whenever governments have established an antitrust regime, its primary concern has been the control of private market...
Antitrust Reference library
The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History
... . Antitrust law consists of a body of statutes, judicial decisions, and enforcement activities designed to check business activities that pose a threat to free-market competition. The core antitrust concern with competition reflects a fundamental belief that economic questions are generally best determined in the American economy through a process of independent, competitive decision making by profit-seeking firms striving to serve customers who seek maximum satisfaction through their choices among market alternatives. Antitrust law aims to protect...
antitrust legislation Quick reference
A Dictionary of Finance and Banking (6 ed.)
... legislation Laws that restrict monopolistic practices and are designed to encourage competitive behaviour among businesses....
antitrust laws Reference library
The Handbook of International Financial Terms
... laws . Generally those national laws designed to prevent the creation and operation of monopolies and restraint of...
Antitrust Legislation Reference library
Tony A. Freyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History
...antitrust provisions that authorized the Justice Department's Antitrust Division to pursue a more proactive policy against mergers that had antitrust implications. The Supreme Court's and the Antitrust Division's embrace of free-market theories during Ronald Reagan's administration in the 1980s, however, turned the Hart–Scott–Rodino Act to the benefit of new forms of financially driven vertical mergers. The Court, moreover, expanded the application of the rule of reason to permit what previously had been treated as clear-cut violations of the antitrust...
Antitrust Legislation. Reference library
Tony A. Freyer
The Oxford Companion to United States History
...added antitrust provisions that permitted the Justice Department's Antitrust Division to pursue a more proactive policy against mergers with antitrust implications. The Supreme Court's and the Antitrust Division's embrace of free-market theories during Ronald Reagan 's administration in the 1980s, however, turned the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act to the benefit of new forms of financially driven vertical mergers. The court, moreover, expanded the application of the rule of reason to permit what previously had been treated as clear-cut violations of the antitrust laws....
Antitrust Law Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Law
...of antitrust enforcement officials in other nations. More and more nations now have adopted their own antitrust laws, and in recent years there has been substantially increased cooperation among antitrust authorities in various countries designed to check more effectively anticompetitive activity crossing national borders. Conclusion. Although the major developments discussed here have dominated antitrust law since the late nineteenth century, antitrust analysis also has focused on such other important issues as the scope of various exceptions to antitrust...
Antitrust Law Reference library
The New Oxford Companion to Economics in India (3 ed.)
... Law What is Antitrust Law? Antitrust law (also known as competition law) is primarily concerned with the prohibition or regulation of practices undertaken by firms in order to limit competition. The most common practices include the following. • ‘Horizontal’ agreements between competitors selling the same or similar products to restrict competition between themselves. The most egregious are agreements to fix prices, restrict output, divide up markets, or make collusive bids in an auction or procurement process. Groups of firms that enter into such agreements...
anti-trust laws Quick reference
A Dictionary of Accounting (5 ed.)
... laws Laws passed in the USA, from 1890 onwards, making it illegal to do anything in restraint of trade, set up monopolies, or otherwise interfere with free trade and...
anti-trust laws Quick reference
A Dictionary of Business and Management (6 ed.)
... laws Laws passed in the USA, from 1890 onwards, making it illegal to do anything in restraint of trade , set up monopolies, or otherwise interfere with free trade and...
Anti‐Trust laws Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
... laws US laws restricting business monopolies. After twenty‐five years’ agitation against monopolies, the Congress passed the Sherman Anti‐Trust Act ( 1890 ) that declared illegal ‘every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of trade’. The Clayton Anti‐Trust Act (1914), amended by the Robinson–Patman Act (1936), prohibited discrimination among customers and mergers of firms that would lessen competition. After World War II there was a further growth in giant multinational corporations and the Celler–Kefauver Antimerger Act ( 1950 ) was...
Clayton Antitrust Act Reference library
James Mochoruk
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History
...Antitrust Act Enacted in October 1914 , the Clayton Antitrust Act was essentially a detailed expansion of the vaguely worded Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 . In conjunction with the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act was designed to fulfill the final part of President Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom platform from the election of 1912 . The original draft of the act promised to limit the power of trusts and monopolies by prohibiting price discrimination, contracts that required exclusive dealing, “tying” (forcing a customer to...
Sherman Antitrust Act Reference library
The Oxford Guide to the United States Government
...Antitrust Act ( 1890 ) During the 1880s Americans worried about the emergence of trusts, or combinations of businesses that tended to reduce competition. Trusts occurred whenever a single board of trustees controlled the management of many different companies. By consolidating these companies, trusts could monopolize, or dominate, production and set prices in a particular industry. Newspapers and magazines accused the Standard Oil Trust, the Sugar Trust, and other large-scale industries of improperly suppressing competition. Defenders of the trusts...
Sherman Antitrust Act Reference library
James May
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.)
...Antitrust Act The oldest and most important federal antitrust law, the Sherman Antitrust Act has provided the primary statutory basis for American antitrust enforcement and case law since 1890 . Like the other antitrust laws, the Sherman Act targets activities restricting marketplace competition. The act's sweeping prohibition of “[e]very contract, combination … or conspiracy” in restraint of interstate or foreign trade or commerce, set forth in its first section, addresses collusive or exclusionary group behavior. Section 2, prohibiting monopolization...
Antitrust Legislation and Law Reference library
Tony A. Freyer
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History
...antitrust provisions that permitted the Justice Department’s Antitrust Division to pursue a more proactive policy against mergers with antitrust implications. The Supreme Court’s and the Antitrust Division’s embrace of free-market theories during Ronald Reagan’s administration in the 1980 s, however, turned the Hart–Scott–Rodino Act to the benefit of new forms of financially driven vertical mergers. The court, moreover, expanded the application of the rule of reason to permit what previously had been treated as clear-cut violations of the antitrust laws....
