affirming the consequent Reference library
Colwyn Williamson
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 ed.)
... the consequent . To reason that, because he opposes the status quo and communists oppose the status quo, John must be a communist, is to commit this fallacy. In the traditional logic of terms, inferences like ‘If A is B , it is C ; it is C ; therefore it is B ’ illustrated the fallacy. In propositional calculus , any inference of the form ‘If p then q , and q ; therefore p ’ affirms the consequent. Mr Colwyn Williamson See also affirming the antecedent . C. L. Hamblin , Fallacies (London, 1970),...
affirming the consequent Quick reference
A Dictionary of Philosophy (3 ed.)
... the consequent Arguing invalidly that from if p then q and q , it follows that p ; e.g. arguing from ‘if she is studying mathematics then she is not studying English’ and ‘she is not studying English’ to ‘she is studying...
affirming the consequent n. Quick reference
A Dictionary of Psychology (4 ed.)
... the consequent n. In conditional reasoning , arguing invalidly from a hypothetical proposition of the form If p then q that, because q therefore p . For example, given the proposition If the burglars entered by the front door, then they forced the lock , it is invalid to conclude from the fact that the burglars forced the lock that they must have entered by the front door. Compare affirming the antecedent , denying the antecedent , denying the consequent...
affirming the consequent
Hebrews Reference library
Harold W. Attridge and Harold W. Attridge
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...Exordium: The Definitive Word ( 1:1–4 ) Hebrews begins sonorously, with a ringing evocation of the person at the centre of the theology of the work. Alliteration and assonance mark the opening verse, which builds in a series of balanced clauses to the affirmation of the Son's exalted status. In the process, the homilist sounds several key themes interwoven throughout the homily. v. 1 , God's speech of long ago forms the foundation of Hebrews, which will use texts from the Torah, the Prophets, and the psalms to construct its message. The exegesis of...
The Arab Personality Between Past and Present Reference library
Michel Aflāq
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...The faults it fought against were Arab faults already on the way to extinction. The Muslim at that time was nothing but an Arab, but he was a new Arab, evolved and perfected. Today we label many individuals of the umma “patriot” or “nationalist”—though all the umma should be “nationalist.” We use this term to characterize the group who believe in their country because they possess the qualities and virtues necessary to make them conscious of their deep affiliation to their umma and ready to bear the consequent responsibilty. The Muslim was the Arab...
Jude Reference library
C. Rowland and C. Rowland
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...( vv. 17–19 ) followed by an affirmation of the reason for confidence that the writer believes exists ( vv. 20–3 ). The two parts both begin with the same phrase, ‘you, beloved’. Both admonition and affirmation have a retrospective air. In the former there is an appeal to the ‘predictions of the apostles’. This is a phrase more comprehensible as a reference to an apostolic text although it could merely echo the words of warning in such passages as Mk 13 and par. which had become part of apostolic tradition. The appeal to tradition (as earlier in v....
Introduction: Muslim Activist Intellectuals and Their Place in History Reference library
John L. Esposito and John O. Voll
Makers of Contemporary Islam
...significant transformations. The lives and roles of intellectuals in every society have been radically changed as a part of these transformations. In the Muslim world, three developments have been of special importance in the emergence of the Muslim activist intellectuals during the final decades of the twentieth century. As a part of the interaction with the West and the consequent Westernization modernization of significant sectors in Muslim societies...
Exploration Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...theories ]. Although the four stages were defined on the basis of modes of production, writers such as Ferguson and Millar were not primarily interested in technology nor in the social relations engendered by particular forms of labour, but rather in the degree to which property was institutionalized and in the moral conditions that emerged from various nomadic and settled ways of life. The ‘rudeness’ of hunters was regarded as the effect of their rootless existence. The use of the plough in agriculture, and the consequent emergence of property rights...
Judith Reference library
Amy-Jill Levine and Amy-Jill Levine
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...Unlike Vashti's response to the eunuchs who invite her to the king's banquet ( Esth 1 ), Judith affirms that she will do whatever is pleasing in the eyes of ‘[her] Lord’ and that will be something to boast of until the day of her death. Seeing Judith reclining on lambskins, Holofernes' appetite becomes uncontrolled: having planned to have intercourse with her from the moment he saw her, he can almost taste conquest. He encourages her to enjoy herself ( 12:17 ) and to ‘be with us’ ( see Gen 39:10; Tob 3:8; Sus 20–1 ); the sexual implications become...
48 The History of the Book in America Reference library
Scott E. Casper and Joan Shelley Rubin
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...the price of books. The imposition of international copyright protection in 1891 and the consequent blow to piracy was one source of price stability. But price-cutting in shops remained a problem for mainstream firms. The usual practice of the period was to offer retail booksellers a 40 per cent discount on trade titles, which they then marked up for sale. By 1900 , however, some bookshops and department stores were offering customers a bargain by charging less than the standard markup. To counter that tactic, the American Publishers’ Association and the ...
Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period Reference library
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...that this occurred in the mid-fifth, not early fifth, century. Tell el-Ful was abandoned, not destroyed, about 500. The destruction of Bethel cannot be dated later than the sixth century, and Tell en-Nasbeh shows signs of continuous occupation well into the mid-fifth century. The picture of disturbances in Judah at the end of the first quarter of the fifth century can no longer be affirmed or denied. In the succeeding quarter century, however, Judah became entangled in the epic struggle between Greece and Persia. The tempestuous first half of...
Genesis Reference library
R. N. Whybray and R. N. Whybray
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...theme of the book, is the climax of the whole. ( 50:22–6 ) constitutes the epilogue to the book. v. 23 hints at the fulfilment of the promise of numerous progeny, reported in Ex 1:7 as having already been realized in Egypt. In v. 24 Joseph on his deathbed at the end of a long life affirmed the promise of the land—not a feature of the Joseph story proper; and in v. 25 he charged ‘the Israelites’ (lit., ‘the sons of Israel’), to rebury him after they left Egypt and returned to Canaan. That they did so is recorded in Josh 24:32 , after the land had...
Introduction to the Pauline Corpus Reference library
Terence L. Donaldson
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...removed from the life-affirming message of Jesus ( cf. Muggeridge and Vidler 1972 : 11–16 ). 7. The very factors making for Paul's significance, then, also serve to condition our perception of his writings, interposing between the modern reader and the letters themselves a set of lenses and filters that shape the reading process. These interposed optical paraphernalia should not be seen simply as an obstruction; the history of the effects of Paul's letters in the centuries between their time of writing and our own day is an important part of the overall...
Isaiah Reference library
R. Coggins and R. Coggins
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...had achieved the status of Holy Scripture, liable to be ransacked for guidance in later problems, then its use as an affirmation of belief in resurrection was scarcely surprising—though less use was made of this particular verse than might have been expected; it is, for example, not quoted in the NT. ( 26:20–1 ) This brief section functions as a link between the preceding lament and the more mythological material in ch. 27 . Use is made of the images either of the universal flood of Genesis, or of the Exodus tradition, or both, to symbolize the totality of...
1 & 2 Samuel Reference library
Gwilym H. Jones, Gwilym H. Jones, and Gwilym H. Jones
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...Israel that ‘thus far the Lord has helped us’. Samuel the prophet ruled Israel in the style of the preceding charismatic leaders known as judges, who saved the people from their enemies ( Judg 2:18 ); he also fulfilled the narrower judicial role of a judge ( vv. 15–17 ). Thus the effectiveness of a charismatic, non-royal leadership is affirmed, and the inappropriateness of Israel's wish to have a king is established. ( 8:1–22 ) Israel Requests a King This section, with its negative attitude towards the monarchy, contains the elders of Israel's request...
Ezekiel Reference library
J. Galambush and J. Galambush
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...flock, however, is strongly associated with the land of Israel as YHWH's pasture ( Ps 78:52–5; Isa 49:9–13; Mic 7:14; cf. Jer 13:17 ), and the passage is probably best understood in this sense. Thus, in vv. 23–4 YHWH promises to restore (a descendant of) David as Israel's shepherd, and in vv. 25–31 pledges to provide blessings and security for the sheep in the land, rather than return to the land. The consequent picture of conditions within the land of Israel is bleak, with the stronger citizens bullying the poor, who wander homeless ( cf. vv. 21, 27 ),...
conditional reasoning
denying the consequent
