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Uruk (mod. Warka) Reference library
Amélie Kuhrt
The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.)
...and graves. Uruk was one of the most important Babylonian cities of the neo-Babylonian ( see babylonia ), Achaemenid and Seleucid periods. A Seleucid colony ‘Antioch-on-the-Ishtar-canal’, is attested near Uruk in 270 bc . Excavation reports: Vorläufige Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka (1930– ); for overview of 1st–15th campaigns, cf. R. North , Oriens 1957, 185–226. Finds (including texts) are published in the series: Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft in Uruk-Warka (1936– ), and Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka,...
Uruk Reference library
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
... Uruk lies in the desert about 9 miles (15 km) east of the present course of the Euphrates River, 155 miles (250 km) south of Baghdad. Its mounds, encircled by a 5,000-year-old rampart 6.2 miles (10 km) in circumference, compose the largest archaeological site in southern Iraq. Although the Sumerians named the city Unu , Akkadian speakers called it Uruk , the name it is known by today. The Akkadian name appears in the Bible as Erech and is preserved in the Arabic name for its ruins, Warka . William Kennet Loftus first explored Uruk in the...
Uruk Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
... One of the leading cities of the Sumerians . A community occupied the site as early as 5000 bc and in the 3rd millennium bc the city was surrounded by a 9.5-km (6-mile) wall. Excavation has revealed ziggurats dedicated to the two main gods, Anu and Inanna. It continued to be inhabited into Parthian times....
Uruk Period Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.)
... Period [CP] The period between about 4200 bc and 3300 bc that marked the emergence of Mesopotamian state societies, named after the long and important sequence at Uruk , Iraq. During the Uruk Period large existing settlements developed the hallmark characteristics of urban settlements, elaborate ritual centres within key cities, the development of writing systems, extensive administrative systems, the mass production of pottery and other goods, and sophisticated art. In the late Uruk Period such patterns are seen outside southern Mesopotamia to the...
Uruk-Warka Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
...fragments of sickles indicate a farming culture. [See Agriculture .] Uruk first consisted of two cities—Uruk and Kullab. Adam Falkenstein ( 1941 ) proposed that Kullab was situated in the precinct of the ziggurat of Anu (the great god of heaven), Uruk farther to the east, in the area later called Eanna. During the Uruk period, at the latest, both areas were united to form the city Uruk. The Uruk period, which followed the Ubaid 4 period, was first identified as such in Uruk. In this phase the city was so important an entire phase of Early Mesopotamian...
Uruk (Warka), Iraq Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (2 ed.)
... (Warka), Iraq [Si] This is the largest archaeological site in southern Iraq, situated east of the present course of the Euphrates. The Sumerians knew the site as Unu, the Akkadian speakers as Uruk. The Akkadian name appears in the Bible as Erech. The site was first investigated by William Loftus in the mid 19th century, but it was not until 1912 that systematic excavations began, albeit sporadically at first, under the direction of Julius Jordan , for the Deutsche Orient‐Gesellschaft. As a result of this work it is now known that the site began in the...
Uruk Quick reference
New Oxford Rhyming Dictionary (2 ed.)
... • betook , book, brook, Brooke, Chinook, chook, Coke, cook, Cooke, crook, forsook, Gluck, hook, look, mistook, nook, partook, rook, schnook, schtuck, Shilluk, shook, Tobruk, took, undercook, undertook • handbook • chapbook , scrapbook • cash book • passbook • sketchbook • chequebook • netbook • textbook • daybook , playbook • casebook • phrase book • dybbuk • pocketbook • copybook • storybook • guidebook • logbook • songbook • scorebook • hornbook • sourcebook • schoolbook • notebook • cookbook, lookbook • yearbook • picture book • wordbook...
Uruk Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
... an ancient city in southern Mesopotamia, to the north-west of Ur. One of the greatest cities of Sumer, it was built in the 5th millennium bc and is associated with the legendary hero Gilgamesh. Excavations begun in 1928 revealed great ziggurats and temples dedicated to the sky god...
Uruk
Uruk Period
1 Writing Systems Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...a point where it outstripped the power of memory among the governing elite. To record transactions in an indisputable, permanent form became essential. Some scholars believe that a conscious search for a solution to this problem by an unknown Sumerian individual in the city of Uruk (biblical Erech), c .3300 bc , produced writing. Others posit that writing was the work of a group, presumably of clever administrators and merchants. Still others think it was not an invention at all, but an accidental discovery. Many regard it as the result of evolution over a...
Jemdet Nasr
Enmerkar
