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Shimonoseki, Treaty of (17 April 1895) Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
..., Treaty of ( 17 April 1895 ) The treaty between China and Japan that ended the Sino-Japanese War ( 1894–95 ). With her navy destroyed and Beijing in danger of capture, China was forced to grant the independence of Korea, pay a large indemnity, grant favourable trade terms, and cede Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands, and the Liaodong peninsula (including the naval base at Port Arthur, now Lüshun). International pressure forced the return of Port Arthur and the abandonment of the claim to the Liaodong peninsula shortly afterwards, but Japanese...
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Sino-Japanese War
unequal treaties Reference library
Alexander Chow
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...treaties These refer to agreements forced upon China for reparations and concessions after military attacks by foreign powers. The most famous were the Treaty of Nanking (1842) and the Treaty of Tientsin (1858), which ended the two Opium Wars led by the British. The term also includes treaties levied by Imperial Japan, such as the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) ceding Taiwan and the Japan–Korea Treaty (1910) annexing Korea. These treaties came to an end with the conclusion of the Second World War, giving rise to the Chinese description bainian guochi...
Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...China, of which Korea had been a vassal state since the 17th century. A rebellion in 1894 provided a pretext for both sides to send troops to Korea, but the Chinese were rapidly overwhelmed by superior Japanese troops, organization, and equipment. After the Beiyang fleet, one of the most important projects of the Self-Strengthening Movement , was defeated at the battle of the Yellow Sea and Port Arthur (now Lüshun) captured, the Chinese found their capital Beijing menaced by advancing Japanese forces. They were forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki ,...
Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Military History
...Arthur in November, and Weihaiwei fell in February 1895 . The Chinese fleet surrendered to the Japanese later the same month and an armistice in March led to the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. As a result China recognized Korea's independence and ceded the Liaotung peninsula and Formosa (Taiwan) to Japan. International diplomatic intervention forced Japan to relinquish her claim to the Liaotung peninsula, and Russia obtained it, creating such resentment that it made the Russo-Japanese war a certainty unless the Russians chose to behave with less...
Treaty Ports Reference library
Karl Gerth
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...emblems of China's humiliation and weakness, its inability to reassert sovereignty. They solidified foreign power in China by creating concessions that were governed by foreigners who exercised judicial authority over their own nationals through extraterritoriality and that housed foreign troops. The opening of the treaty ports and other annexed or leased territories attracted foreign traders, missionaries, teachers, adventurers, and opportunists. After the Treaty of Shimonoseki ( 1895 ) ending the First Sino-Japanese War, foreign companies were allowed to...
Shanghai Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...largely a commercial and trading city. It developed very quickly in the areas of banking, finance, trade, and shipping. Its industrial development, however, was severely constrained by the nature of the treaties that granted foreigners the right to trade but not to manufacture. The Treaty of Shimonoseki, signed in 1896 following China ’s naval defeat by Japan , removed this restriction. Modern manufacturing expanded at a rapid pace after 1896 . Undoubtedly, much of the industrial expansion in China —which, according to available statistics for ...
Taiwan Quick reference
Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Place Names (6 ed.)
... ( Ilha Formosa ) The Republic of China (Zhonghua Minguo) since 1949 . It was named Ilha Formosa ‘Beautiful Island’ in 1590 by the Portuguese. It was briefly occupied by the Dutch in the 17th century ( 1624–61 ) before succumbing to imperial Chinese rule for the first time in 1683 and becoming part of Fujian Province; it became a separate province of China in 1886 . At the close of the Sino-Japanese War in 1895 it was ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and administered as a colony; at the end of the Second World War in 1945 it was...
WEN Tingshi (Z.) Reference library
Hiromu Momose
Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period (Rev)
...), who, as children, had studied under him. Being a member of the group of progressives known as Qiang Xue Hui ( see under Tan Sitong ), Wen often advised the Emperor on matters of governmental reform. It is reported that a few months after the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war the Empress Dowager conspired to dethrone Emperor Dezong, but that Wen persuaded Liu Kunyi and other generals on the battlefields to support the Emperor, thus frustrating her plan. After the Treaty of Shimonoseki was concluded, Wen severely critized Li Hongzhang for having...
LI Hongzhang (1823–1901) Reference library
Daniel J. MEISSNER
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...destruction of China’s southern fleet and a relatively quick victory for the French. Li negotiated the convention ending this conflict, which recognized France’s suzerainty (dominion) over Vietnam. In 1894 smoldering tensions in Korea erupted into war between China and Japan. Again China was quickly defeated, and Li was called to negotiate a settlement. The Treaty of Shimonoseki formally ending the hostilities granted Japan an indemnity of 230 million tael (a value based on the weight of silver) and ceded Chinese territory, including the island of Formosa and...
Shanghai Reference library
Karl Gerth
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...period began in 1895 with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ended the First Sino-Japanese War. The treaty legalized a process already under way, the establishment of foreign-owned factories in treaty ports, and launched China's industrial revolution. Shanghai soon became a key Chinese city closely associated with the challenges of modernity. The city emerged as a living showcase for new industrial occupations and consumer lifestyles, but simultaneously it became emblematic for industrial exploitation and the vices of prostitution and Shanghai. Scene at...
QIU Fengjia (Z.) Reference library
Hiromu Momose
Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period (Rev)
...member of the Mudan Shishe 牡丹詩社 , a literary club organized by Tang. Qiu Fengjia was a political agitator with strong patriotic feelings. When Formosa was ceded to Japan in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki ( see under Li Hongzhang ) there was restlessness throughout the Island. Qiu and other influential men requested the Beijing authorities for permission to take up arms to protect the Island from Japanese encroachment, but their plea was not granted. Late in May 1895 there was established the independent Republic of Formosa...
Taiwan Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...the fall of the Ming dynasty in 1644 opponents of the Qing started to settle on the island and in 1661 ‘Koxinga’ (Zheng Chenggong), a Ming patriot, expelled the Dutch. It was conquered by the Qing in 1683 and for the first time became part of China. Fighting continued between its original inhabitants and the Chinese settlers into the 19th century. Taiwan was occupied by Japan as a result of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 and remained under Japanese control until the end of World War II. The island was occupied by the Chinese forces of Chiang...
Debt, Foreign Reference library
June GRASSO
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...silver pieces) from British banks, but after its defeat, the Treaty of Shimonoseki ( 1895 ) forced an indemnity of 230 million taels. Loans drawn to pay the Japanese came from British, German, and French banks as well as foreign governments. After the Qing dynasty ended, two thirds of this debt remained outstanding. The Boxer Rebellion ( 1900 ) caused the Chinese government to incur even greater foreign debt. European nations, the United States, and Japan forced the dynasty to pay the costs of the invasion as well as reimburse all foreigners for losses...
LIU Kunyi (Z.) Reference library
Teng Ssŭ-Yü
Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period (Rev)
...adding some new cannon. After declaration of the Sino-Japanese war on August 1, 1894 he was made Imperial Commissioner in command of troops at Shanhaikuan, a strategic pass between Zhili and Manchuria. As soon as he heard that negotiations for peace were in progress he repeatedly urged the Court to prolong the war which he believed might end favorably for China. Nevertheless, the Sino-Japanese treaty of peace was eventually signed at Shimonoseki on April 17, 1895, whereupon Liu returned to his post at Nanjing. A few years later Liu Kunyi achieved distinction...
Foreign Investment Reference library
Harald Fuess and Hubert Bonin
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Treaty of Shimonoseki, which approved industrial activity in Chinese treaty ports where Japanese established in subsequent decades a substantial number of firms, especially in the textile industry. Railways became another important avenue for foreign investment in East Asia. Although the earliest railroad in China opened before the first Japanese railroad was opened in 1872 , Japan succeeded in constructing a network ten times larger by the time it nationalized its railways in 1906 . Not only was China comparatively slow in its railway expansion; parts of...
SUN Yuting (Z.) Reference library
Fang Chao-ying
Eminent Chinese of the Qing Period (Rev)
... A son of Sun Ruizhen, named Sun Yuwen 孫毓汶 (Z. 滙溪 H. 萊山 , d. 1899 ), was a jinshi of 1856 who rose to be president of the Board of War (1894–96). He was a Grand Councilor after 1884 and a member of the Office of Foreign Affairs after 1885. In the politics of those days he sided with Yihuan and Shiduo ( see under Zhaolian ) in opposition to Yixin . Being an intimate friend of Li Hongzhang , he advocated ratification of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895 when many courtiers opposed a peace on such humiliating terms. He is regarded as one of the...
Manchurian Incident Reference library
Daniel J. MEISSNER
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...destroyed a section of the South Manchurian railway near the city of Mukden (Shenyang) in Liaoning Province. Japanese troops stationed near the railroad were responsible for the bombing, which was intended to draw China into a confrontation with Japan over control of Manchuria. Although the Chinese government did not respond to the provocation by declaring war, Japan mobilized troops, occupied the region, and established the puppet state of Manchuguo. Background The Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese war of 1894–1895 originally...
Boxer Protocol (Xinchou Treaty) Reference library
Raphael ISRAELI
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...as a means of training, spiritual uplift, and immunization against Western weapons, went on a rampage ( 1896–1898 ). Members of the secret society first killed Christian Chinese and foreign missionaries who, the Boxers felt, had either betrayed Chinese tradition or incited Chinese to do so. The general mood of the country was low after the war against Korea ( 1845–1894 ), the humiliating defeat, and the Shimonoseki settlement that followed. Thus, people were ready to cheer anyone who dared to defy the enemy. What began as a scattered targeting of Christians by...
