Traditional Industries
Traditional Industries Reference library
Janet Hunter
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
... Industries . The term “traditional industry” usually refers to the handicraft production methods of the preindustrial period and the continuation of such forms of manufacturing even during the growth of factory-based industrialization. Traditional manufacturing was labor-intensive and was carried out on a small scale within the family or a small workshop. In the preindustrial period, much production was undertaken by farm family members not fully employed by agricultural tasks. Traditional industry is often juxtaposed with modern factory production,...
Traditional Industries
Industrial History Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...is shown by a comparison with the east midlands hosiery industry, which was not turned into a factory‐based system until the second half of the 19th century (see J. V. Beckett and J. E. Heath , ‘ When Was the Industrial Revolution in the East Midlands? ’, Midland History , 17 (1988). The nature of the changes in the metal industries was very different from those in the textile trades; in and around Birmingham and Sheffield expansion occurred through the multiplication of small units of a traditional kind rather than by factories, and in Sheffield water...
20c The History of the Book in Britain from 1914 Reference library
Claire Squires
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of *publishing education , made local publishing problematic. For British publishers, however, the greater threat came in terms of international competition from the increasingly powerful US publishing industry and from an attack on trade agreements and conventions that safeguarded British interests. Territorial rights in the English language were traditionally drawn upon colonial lines, with Britain publishing exclusively throughout the Commonwealth. The Australian and New Zealand markets became particularly contentious, as readers wanted access to inexpensive...
46 The History of the Book in Latin America (including Incas, Aztecs, and the Caribbean) Reference library
Eugenia Roldán Vera
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...start of industrialization in most Latin American countries, with positive repercussions for the publishing industry. Indeed, the Spanish Civil War ( 1936–9 ) and World War II gave the emerging publishing industries of many Latin American countries an unexpected boost. A decrease in European book exports allowed domestic book production to increase, resulting in the creation of new publishing houses throughout the region. After 1945 , the book industry followed the rapid pace of economic growth and industrialization, aided by strong government incentives. In...
Policing Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of the cities also became increasingly supportive of the new police as providers of crucial services such as the protection of property; the suppression of traditional sports, *fairs , and pastimes [ see *popular culture, 23 ]; the removal of vagrants; and the enforcement of drinking hours. Even so, the architects of the new police had always to tread carefully for fear of arousing traditional ruling-class anxieties about continental-style state policing. Some care was taken to avoid recruiting ex-soldiers as constables, preference being given to...
34 The History of the Book in the Baltic States Reference library
Jürgen M. Warmbrunn
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of books and reading in the vernacular. Latvian and Lithuanian are both Baltic languages and form part of the Indo-European linguistic family, whereas Estonian is a Finno-Ugric language, which in part explains the traditionally strong ties between Estonia and Finland. Under Soviet rule, the Baltic States’ printing and publishing industries were nationalized into large state enterprises and tightly controlled to forestall the publication of dissenting opinions. In Latvia, for example, following a 1965 decision by the Central Committee of the Communist...
28 The History of the Book in Italy Reference library
Neil Harris
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of commercial expertise from elsewhere in Italy ensured furthermore that, once the publishing industry was fully established, few in it were bona fide Venetians. The places of origin of the city’s printers, proudly declared in the *colophons of its Renaissance imprints, mostly form a pinpoint map of the Po valley, with a grouping of dots around Brescia and the Italian lakes (Toscolano on Lake Garda was also the heart of the Venetian papermaking industry) and, further off, the Piedmont town of Trino. Venice’s bookshops and *printing offices were...
Popular Culture Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...discarded. What more definitively undermined the traditional pattern, therefore, was those forces for innovation that eventually subverted its regionalized basis. Leaving aside relevant and important considerations like population shifts between countryside and town and vastly improved communications, three specifically cultural factors are usually marshalled to account for this process. One such was the role of the state, from c .1600 onwards, in changing and widening the significances of traditional calendars by promoting regular national ...
Scottish Local and Family History Quick reference
David moody
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...History , 13 ( 1993 ), described it as ‘inverted‐Whig history of terminal decline’; while R. H. Campbell , reminding us of the roots of Scottish economic history in moral philosophy, wrote in his Rise and Fall of Scottish Industry 1707–1939 ( 1980 ) of his ‘desire to provide a diagnosis of the present state of Scottish industry from the evidence of its historical evolution and so to provide a test of the effectiveness of remedies suggested for its present‐day ills’. It has been suggested that economic history is the key to understanding modern...
Welsh Family Names Reference library
Hywel Wyn Owen
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...in walsh , an English and Anglo-Irish surname meaning ‘Welsh’. Migration to the Americas The migration of Welsh family names to North America was to a large extent the result of industrial and social privation. The decline of the coal and slate industries of north Wales and the coal, iron, and steel industries of south Wales sent thousands to seek a better life elsewhere. North America in particular attracted waves of immigrants from Wales, who took with them their language and their placenames (as evidenced by American places with names such as Wales , ...
Prints Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...demise of the single etched and hand-coloured satirical print in the face of new technologies. Overall, printmaking in late-eighteenth-and early-nineteenth- century Britain had the characteristics of a diverse and successful industry. The reproductive line-engravers had succeeded in replacing imports from France, the traditional producer, and had built up a Europe-wide dominance in the field of decorative engravings. Successful engravers like William Woollett ( 1735–85 ) had become celebrities, and the engraver-turned-entrepreneur John Boydell was...
Contemporary Arab Ideology Reference library
‘Abdallāh Laroui
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...to technique; culture is a noble goal, but it comes after a specialized trade. Salama Mūsa affirms: “Today civilization is industry; its culture is science. Whereas the culture of agrarian societies is literature, religion and philosophy.” The criticism of Islamic history which the liberal politician had timidly begun is now totally put aside. The technocrat feels no need to interpret dogma or to warp it from its traditional sense. He simply ignores it, since it does not determine the strength or weakness. In excluding tradition from the discussion, he...
Medicine Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...It enhanced the Romantic exploration of the self, its analysis of unconscious processes and the complicated interworkings of self, psyche, and soma. Certain developments in medical theory and in fringe *medicine supported the Romantic collapsing of traditional mind–body dualisms, of the traditional Cartesian distinction between object and subject, and furthered the emphasis on a unitary self. Developing in Scotland from the 1750s, medical theories associated with Robert Whytt ( 1714–66 ), William Cullen ( 1710–90 ), and their followers saw health...
20a The History of the Book in Britain, c.1475–1800 Reference library
Andrew Murphy
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Copyright on works already in print was to be limited to 21 years; new works were to be protected for 14 years, renewable for a further 14 if the author were still alive. The copyright provisions of the Act were a radical departure from standard practice within the industry. Traditionally, authors sold their work outright to a publisher, who then owned the rights to reproduce the text in perpetuity. The ‘property’ of a book was, therefore, treated in much the same way as real property: publishers could buy and sell such rights and they could pass them on...
Design Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...art circles it traditionally meant the expression of creative ideas, employing the principles of drawn composition which circumscribed all the arts. But increasingly design was used in contexts which suggested a distinction from the fine arts, particularly in connection with manufactured ornamental goods. Not that any opposition was necessarily denoted by this change of emphasis: it was universally accepted that if the more exalted branches of design— *painting [27] , *architecture [28] , *sculpture —flourished, then the humbler ends of industry would of...
27 The History of the Book in the Iberian Peninsula Reference library
María Luisa López-Vidriero
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...to bring authorized printed materials on to the market during escalating conflicts in 16 th -century Europe. Widespread *censorship became one of the gravest intellectual and civil problems of the period. A law of 1502 regulated the intervention of the Crown in the printing industry and tried to resolve conflicts over the importation of ‘false and defective’ printed books. This was the first of many such measures that were to run alongside developing religious problems in Spain and Europe. Thus, a proclamation of 1558 established administrative and...
Architecture Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...Between the mid-1770s and the mid-1830s, architecture in Britain flourished as hundreds of new buildings for government, industry, commerce, culture, religion, and leisure were constructed across the country. In design terms, architects stuck largely to conservative habits for large public buildings, but at the professional and theoretical levels they reacted with great innovation to economic, political, and social developments usually, however, beyond their full comprehension and control. Indeed, so destabilizing were the effects upon architecture...
43a The History of the Book in Southeast Asia (1): The Islands Reference library
Edwin Paul Wieringa
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Muḥammad was printed in Surabaya in 1853 . The third lithographic press in the archipelago was established in the 1850s at the Buginese-Malay court on the island of Penyengat in Riau. By the 1860s , Singapore emerged as the region’s Muslim printing centre. Its printing industry was run by a few men from the north coast of Java. In Singapore they were not subjected to the highly restrictive Dutch press laws, and could take advantage of the city’s strategic position as the most important assembly point for the increasing number of Southeast Asian...
Publishing Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...but twelve booksellers and stationers, thirteen bookbinders, and three engravers, including Thomas *Bewick . By 1785 the publishing industry was so diverse, complex, and dispersed that the bookseller John Pendred ( c. 1742–93 ) brought out the first guide to English publishing, The London and Country Printers, Booksellers and Stationers Vade Mecum ( 1785 ). Pendred's world extends far beyond the traditional confines of St Paul's Churchyard and Paternoster Row. His account of the metropolitan trade lists nearly 650 businesses engaged in thirty-two...
