Trade, Prehistoric Reference library
Robin Torrence, Mark Edmonds, Robin Torrence, and Andrew Sherratt
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
..., Prehistoric Introduction Prehistoric Axe Trade Prehistoric Obsidian Trade Prehistoric Amber Trade Trade, Prehistoric: Introduction “Prehistoric trade” is usually understood in its broadest sense to mean “the transfer of goods.” Social strategies played a major role and in many cases were more important than economic transactions. Although most research has been directed to highly distinctive material objects, such as stone axes, obsidian tools, pots, or metal items, a large number of perishable objects as well as raw materials and food probably...
In the Beginning: The Earliest History Reference library
Michael D. Coogan
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...mythological. Much of the material in Genesis 1–11 is clearly related to ancient Near Eastern accounts of origins, and mythological language is used throughout the Bible. The ancient Israelites did not live in a cultural vacuum. From prehistoric times on Palestine was linked by trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia, and one or the other politically dominated it for much of the period from the mid-third millennium to the late first millennium bce . Biblical traditions also relate how some of Israel's ancestors, and later some of Israel...
Industrial History Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...early modern period have also reconstructed much of the network of inland trade. T. S. Willan's books, starting with River Navigation in England, 1600–1750 ( 1936 ) and culminating in The Inland Trade ( 1976 ), were the pioneer works. See David Hey , Packmen, Carriers and Packhorse Roads: Trade and Communications in North Derbyshire and South Yorkshire (2nd edn, 2001) , which relates the evidence on the ground to general economic development, and John Chartres , Internal Trade in England, 1500–1700 ( 1977 ), which provides an overview. For exports...
1 Writing Systems Reference library
Andrew Robinson
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...in southern France, which are probably 20,000 years old. A cave at Peche Merle, in the Lot, contains a lively Ice Age graffito showing a stencilled hand and a pattern of red dots. This may simply mean: ‘I was here, with my animals’—or perhaps the symbolism is deeper. Other prehistoric images show animals such as horses, a stag’s head, and bison, overlaid with signs; and notched bones have been found that apparently served as lunar calendars. ‘Proto-writing’ is not writing in the full sense of the word. A scholar of writing, the Sinologist John DeFrancis ,...
Archaeology and the Bible Reference library
Oxford Bible Atlas (4 ed.)
...Tombs and burial practices Archaeology has revealed a great variety of types of burial, from simple interments or cave burials to elaborate tombs, with evidence from right across the historical and indeed prehistorical spectrum. The presence of various objects placed alongside the bodies suggests a belief in the necessity of making some sort of provision for the dead, though the extent to which such funerary goods provide evidence for a belief in an afterlife is uncertain. Burials from the...
Historic Churches Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...for example, stands by the former wharf on the river Idle, for it originally served a small trading settlement; it cannot be seen from the huge, rectangular marketplace that was laid out at the centre of the new town at the end of the 12th century. However, some churches occupy what now appear to be strange positions because the early Christians took over pagan sites and adapted them for their own purposes. At All Saints, Rudston (Yorkshire), a prehistoric monolith, which dates from the late Neolithic or Bronze Age , stands over 25 feet high in the...
Popular Culture Quick reference
Charles Phythian-Adams
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Probably every township , for example, had some particularized sense of its own past: a myth of origin (usually associated specifically with either Britons, or Anglo‐Saxons, or Scandinavians) or even a prehistoric landmark around which had gathered some legendary or superstitious association (see L. V. Grinsall , The Folklore of Prehistoric Sites in Britain (1976) ). Each local community, moreover, boasted its own annual cycle of calendar customs ( see folklore, customs, and civic ritual ) that owed as much to cultural variables (like the earlier...
Chinese Family Names Reference library
Mark Lewellen and Horace Chen
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...One’s xing was generally obtained by inheritance. (Many scholars, noting the high frequency of the component for ‘woman’ in characters for various xing , as well as in the character for the word xing itself, argue that the xing dates back to matriarchal societies in prehistoric times and was originally transmitted through the mother.) As revealed by the records of oracle bone scripts and bronze inscriptions, eight major xing s, known as “Eight Great Xing s of Antiquity”, had already existed prior to the Shang dynasty. Eventually a particular xing ...
Hengistbury Head, Dorset, England
Crow and Hidatsa
Metsamor, Armenia
trade
snakestones
Siberia
Bronze Age
Bhopal Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
...State capital of Madhya Pradesh , central India. Founded in 1728 , it is noted for its terraced lakes, mosques and prehistoric paintings. In 1984 poisonous gas from the Union Carbide insecticide plant killed c .2500 people, the world's worst industrial disaster. Bhopal is an industrial and trade centre with food processing, electrical engineering, flour milling and cotton textile industries. Pop. ( 2005 )...
Hengistbury Head, Dorset, England ([Si]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
...Harbour and Bournemouth Bay on the coast of central southern England that was a major trading port in later prehistoric times. Excavations by J. P. Bushe‐Fox in 1911–12 , St George Gray in 1918–24 , and Barry Cunliffe between 1979 and 1984 have revealed something of the complexity of the site, which is defended by a pair of substantial ramparts cutting off the headland. Between about 300 bc and ad 100 Hengistbury was the focus of cross‐channel trade between Britain and France. The headland had been occupied much earlier too, with an Upper...
Crow and Hidatsa Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...and Hidatsa (or Absaroke ) Native Americans who inhabited Montana and northern Wyoming. In prehistoric times they lived in permanent villages and practised a well-balanced agricultural economy with seasonal buffalo hunts. When they acquired horses in the 18th century, the Crow abandoned their villages for a nomadic life of full-time buffalo-hunting, trading meat for some of the crops of the farmer...
amber ([Ma]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
... [Ma] Fossilized pine resin, relatively soft and easily carved, extensively used in prehistoric and later times for the manufacture of ornaments and jewellery. There are few sources of the material, but items were traded widely. It is mostly derived from the Baltic coastlands but sources around the North Sea are also known. Amber also occurs in the Mediterranean but can be chemically distinguished from north European...
Polanyi, Karl (1886–1964) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
..., which dealt with 19th‐century history and led to research on pre‐industrial economics. Along with a number of colleagues in 1957 he published Trade and market in the early empires , which included case studies from the Assyrian and Babylonian empires as well as 19th‐century Africa and India. These provide valuable insights that have been drawn upon by archaeologists studying prehistoric trade and exchange systems. Bio.: S. C. Humphreys , 1969, History, economics and anthropology: the work of Karl Polanyi . Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University...
