The Shell Midden Sites of Senegambia Reference library
Alioune Dème and Moustapha Sall
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Archaeology
... Shell Midden Sites of Senegambia Introduction More than 1,500 shell midden sites have been recorded in Senegambia. 1 The total number of sites will never be known due to climate change (rise of sea level engulfing some sites, dust from winds covering some sites), rapid urbanization (the shell midden sites are located along the coast, which is a highly preferred zone for habitation), and the destruction of sites transformed into quarries for lime production and road construction. Most of the archaeological material is composed of shells from different...
Climatology: Methods Reference library
Sharon E. Nicholson
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Historiography: Methods and Sources
...of use for historians. Exceptions are oxygen and carbon isotopes in speleothems (cave deposits such as stalagmites and stalactites), carbon isotopes in baobab trees, pollen, hyrax and shell middens, diatoms, and marine cores off the coast of Namibia. 15 The latter provide records of Sea Surface Temperatures and upwelling that generally correlate with precipitation. A handful of tree-ring studies have also been carried out in southern Africa, but these generally provide only a century of information. 16 The exception is a 413-year chronology from the Cape...
