Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts , established in 1800 to foster the Fine Arts in the northern provinces of England, mainly by holding annual exhibitions in which artists from London exhibited alongside local artists. The young Brontës would have been aware of the importance of this cultural event through their first art teacher, John Bradley , who regularly exhibited during the 1820s. They may have first encountered such names as Richard Westall , William Turner , William Mulready , and Sir Thomas Lawrence in the exhibition...
Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts
24 The History of the Book in Germany Reference library
John L. Flood
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Lübeck, Hamburg, and Frankfurt followed in the 15 th , with others founded in the 16 th , often as a direct consequence of Luther’s encouragement of town councils to enhance library provision. A few libraries actually called themselves ‘public’, but they were generally poorly stocked and had extremely restricted opening hours—the one in Bremen was accessible only fortnightly on Wednesdays, for example. Even university libraries were hardly user-friendly: those at Leipzig and Halle were open for only four hours a week, and it was considered a real novelty...
Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period Reference library
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...to this resurgence of ancient lore is the Persians' encouragement, beginning with Darius I, of the collection and preservation of their subjects' religious learning. Both the work of Aryandes and Udjahorresnet in Egypt and of Ezra the Israelite scribe attest to this policy. The Priestly strand of the Pentateuch or even the Pentateuch itself could belong to this same incipient antiquarianism. But ultimately the single most important stimulus to Persian-period Israel's interest in and reverence for its history is the exile. The prophets having...
Essay with Commentary on Post-Biblical Jewish Literature Reference library
Philip S. Alexander
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...as the middle of the earth, which he would take as his patrimony and his sons' patrimony for ever. From the middle of the Mountains of Rafa, from the mouth of the river Tina, his portion runs westwards along the middle of this river, and extends (eastwards) as far as the Waters of the Abysses, out of which this river rises. The river empties its waters into the Sea of Me᾽at, and this flows into the Great Sea: all the land on the northern side belongs to Japheth and all the land on the southern side belongs to Shem. (13) And his portion extends to the vicinity...
Robinson, William (1799–1838) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...children destitute. He had exhibited at the Bradford Artists' Society of Painting and Sculpture in 1827 , and at the Leeds exhibitions of the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts from 1823 on, contributing fourteen paintings in 1833 . The Brontës first saw Robinson's work at the 1834 summer exhibition in Leeds. Revd Patrick Brontë seems to have engaged Robinson's services soon after for a few lessons for Branwell at the Parsonage at 2 guineas a visit; and then in mid- 1835 for a course of lessons at Robinson's studio in Leeds...
Literary Souvenir Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...’ ( 15 Oct. 1833 ), a Glass Town poet and persona of Branwell Brontë (Alexander & Sellars, pp. 19, 218–19). The following year, c. May 1834 , she made a copy of Edward Finden 's view of Bolton Abbey, Wharfedale , one of the two works she exhibited in the summer exhibition of the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Leeds (Alexander & Sellars, pp. 228–9); and not long after ( c. 1834–8 ), as an exercise in oil painting, Branwell made a large copy of another engraving from the Literary Souvenir, Jacob's Dream , engraved by E....
Finden, Edward Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...( Dec. 1830 ), and at the same time Charlotte copied his Bessy Bell and Mary Gray , after a painting by J. R. West , both in the Forget Me Not ( 1831 ). In May 1834 , Charlotte copied Edward Finden 's crisp view of Bolton Abbey, Wharfedale , based on Turner's well-known drawing of 1809 , which appeared in the Literary Souvenir ( 1826 ), a drawing she exhibited at The Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts . A series of landscape and portrait illustrations to the life and works of Byron executed by the Findens proved...
Leyland, Joseph Bentley (1811–51) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...of Dr Beckwith in York Minster, and for a sculpted group of African blood‐hounds. The Brontës would have seen Leyland's group of English greyhounds and his huge sculpted head of Satan (before it achieved critical acclaim in London) at the 1834 Leeds exhibition of the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts, at which the young Charlotte Brontë also exhibited two pencil drawings ( see art of the brontës ). His portrait medallion of Branwell can be seen at the BPM (a photograph of it is reproduced as a frontispiece in Gérin BB )....
National Endowment for the Arts Reference library
Julie Van Camp and Julie Van Camp
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics (2 ed.)
...In NEA’s first forty-seven years, more than 126,000 grants worth over four billion dollars have been awarded to artists and arts organizations in all fifty states. With financial encouragement from the NEA, the number of state arts agencies has grown from five to fifty-six (including the fifty states, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Marianas, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands). The NEA also cites impressive expansion of arts organizations around the country since its founding. Nonprofit theaters have grown from forty-six...
National Endowment For the Arts Reference library
Encyclopedia of Aesthetics
...arts agency grew in vigor and intensity after World War II. New York Senator Jacob K. Javits , a leader in the bipartisan efforts that led to the establishment of the NEA, introduced a resolution in 1949 calling for a national theater, opera, and ballet. President Harry S. Truman asked the Commission on Fine Arts to recommend ways that the federal government could support the arts. In 1955 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower urged the establishment of a Federal Advisory Commission on the Arts and legislation was introduced with his encouragement,...
Academies Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
...the Fine Arts The fine or “polite” arts (as they were called then) formed only one part of the work of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. Professional artists such as William Hogarth , Alan Ramsay , and Joshua Reynolds were a minority among its membership. Yet it was this society that sponsored the first exhibition of the works of modern British artists ( 1760 ), leading to the formation in that year of the Society of Artists, out of which grew the Free Society ( 1762 ), the Incorporated Society ( 1765 ), and the Royal...
Ryga, George (1932–87) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature (2 ed.)
...to life in Canada. An earlier version of Lepa's story was presented in 1978 as one segment of The Newcomers , the cbc television series on immigrants to Canada. The play was a runner-up for the Governor General's Award for drama in 1984 . Portrait of Angelica ( 1984 ), published in one volume with A letter to my son , and produced at the Banff School of Fine Arts in the summer of 1973 , presents a picture of the people in a Mexican town seen through the eyes of a Canadian tourist, Danny Baker . Reminiscent of Dylan Thomas's Under milk wood , it...
Art and Architecture, African Reference library
Encyclopedia of Africa
...she also oversaw the state treasury and harem. Often her breasts were shown bare, a reference to her critical role in bearing and nurturing the royal children and to the power of women more generally in Yoruba society. Many Akan arts, especially those of Asante royalty in Ghana, emphasize themes of governmental authority and prerogative. Ceremonial stools that symbolize the possession of power are known as chieftaincy stools. Historically, these were commissioned by the king, or for him by loyal subjects. In the twentieth century, stools of this sort also...
annuals Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...exhibited in the summer exhibition of the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Leeds in 1834 . The Brontës' artwork clearly testifies to the popularity of the annuals as copybooks, a function not previously ascribed to them. Charlotte , Branwell , and Emily copied eleven engravings from the annuals they owned: Friendship's Offering ( 1829 ), the Literary Souvenir ( 1830 ), and the Forget Me Not ( 1831 ). The 12‐year‐old Branwell made a bold attempt to imitate John Martin 's grandiose style, translating Edward Finden...
Southeast Asia Reference library
Charles Higham
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...the investigation and encouragement of arts, sciences and literature in relation to Siam and neighbouring countries.” Royal patronage has always supported the society, and characteristically, Prince Damrong Rachanuphap, the half brother of the king, delivered the first lecture on the history of Auytthaya. The prince went on to inspire King Prajadhipok to found the Royal Institute, which oversaw museums, and the National Library. It was in 1924 that the government founded the Archaeological Service of Siam that, like the École Française in Vietnam, devoted much...
architectural styles and features Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
...styles and features . With the reign of King David I ( 1124–53 ), Scotland became a part of the western European polity of feudalism. Its most visible symbol was the castle, which was introduced by the new landholding class of Anglo‐Normans, many of whom were members of the royal court . With royal encouragement burghs ( see urban settlement: 1 ) were founded, the country was divided into dioceses with parishes and Continental monastic orders ( see church institutions: 2 ) were invited to settle. Tironensians founded Kelso abbey,...
Great Britain Reference library
The International Encyclopedia of Dance
... a group of dance teachers had established what is today the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing, to develop and maintain their professional status and teaching standards. By the early 1920s, the society had 258 members, mostly general practitioners with a knowledge of the social dances of the day, academic ballet, and national and character dancing. In 1920 , the Association of Operatic Dancing, known today as the Royal Academy of Dancing, was founded to address the specialized needs of classical ballet. The organization represented the four main...
China Reference library
Patrick Chassé
The Oxford Companion to the Garden
...by the cultivated Emperor Zhao Ji (Hui Tsung) of the Northern Song dynasty on the advice of the imperial practitioners of feng shui (Chinese geomancy). By adding, to the north-east of the capital, height considered necessary for the successful manipulation of favourable forces in the landscape, the gigantic rockery of Gen Yue was expected to increase the empire's stability. Unfortunately, the disruption caused by its building helped further to weaken the dynasty, which was overrun by northern Tartars. The court, which fled south, took as its capital the...
art of the Brontës Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Brontes
...Abbey’ and ‘Kirkstall Abbey’ ( Alexander & Sellars , pp. 52, 228–9), for the summer exhibition of the Royal Northern Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Leeds, 1834 . The majority of her highly finished copies of engravings were made between 1834 and 1835 when she was 18 or 19, before she concluded, like Lucy Snowe in Villette , that her precious drawings were ‘about as valuable as so many achievements in worsted‐work’ (ch. 35). Several of her later portraits, both fictional (‘Woman in a Leopard Fur’, Oct. 1839 ) and realistic...
