colonization, Roman Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.)
..., Roman 1. Early Roman colonies. The earliest colonies were composed of small family groups of Roman citizens sent out by the state to the Latin coastal places of Ostia (soon after 350 bc ), Antium ( 338 ), and Tarracina ( 329 ). By 218 bc there were twelve such coastal colonies, founded, it is thought, not so much to guard the coastline as for the purpose of Romanizing the area. The colonists retained their Roman citizenship, though they might be too far from Rome to exercise their rights. The Latin colonies , so-called, had a different...
colonization, Roman Reference library
A. N. Sherwin-White, Barbara M. Levick, and Edward Henry Bispham
The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.)
...the lex Ursonensis ; Strabo; Pliny the Elder. Modern literature K. J. Beloch , Röm. Gesch. ; E. Kornemann , RE 4 (1901), 511–88, ‘Coloniae’ (lists); A. N. Sherwin-White, The Roman Citizenship , 2nd edn. (1973); physical aspects in O. Dilke , The Roman Land Surveyors (1971). Italy: H. Rudolph , Stadt und Staat im römischen Italien (1935); E. T. Salmon , Roman Colonisation under the Republic (1969) (the long-lived foundation rituals 20–5, further refs., J. Rykwerts , The Idea of a Town (1988) 117–24); P. A. Brunt , Italian Manpower (1971; repr....
colonization, Roman Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
..., Roman The earliest colonies of Roman citizens were small groups of 300 families at Ostia , Antium ( 338 bc ), and Tarracina ( 329 ). Others were added as the Roman territory expanded, through reluctance to maintain a permanent fleet. In 218 there were twelve such maritime colonies. Colonists retained Roman citizenship because the early colonies were within Roman territory, and were too small to form an independent state. Citizen colonies are distinct from Latin, which, though largely manned by Romans, were autonomous states established outside...
colonization, Roman Reference library
A. N. Sherwin-White, Barbara M. Levick, and Edward Henry Bispham
The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization (2 ed.)
..., Roman The earliest colonies of Roman citizens were small groups of 300 families at Ostia , Antium (mod. Anzio, 338 bc ), and Tarracina (mod. Terracina, 329 bc ). Others were added as the Roman territory expanded, through reluctance to maintain a permanent fleet. In 218 there were 12 such ‘ coloniae maritimae ’. The older view that such small communities were to serve as garrisons guarding the coasts of Italy, and even their title, have been disputed and a more political ‘Romanizing’, or ‘urbanizing’ purpose envisaged. ( See romanization ; ...
Colonies and Colonization, Roman Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
...Clarendon Press, 1971. Keppie, Lawrence . Colonisation and Veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 B.C. London: British School at Rome, 1983. Mouritsen, Henrik . “ Pits and Politics: Interpreting Colonial Fora in Republican Italy. ” Papers of the British School at Rome 72 (2004): 37–67. See also the response by Filippo Coarelli in Papers of the British School at Rome 73 (2005): 23–30. Salmon, Edward T. Roman Colonization under the Republic . London: Thames & Hudson, 1969. Sherwin-White, Adrian N. The Roman Citizenship . 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press,...
Roman colonization
37 The History of the Book in Sub-Saharan Africa Reference library
Andrew Vlies
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Britain and from colonies such as Nova Scotia; after the abolition of the slave trade throughout the empire, in 1807 , it provided refuge for freed slaves from the rest of West Africa. Liberia, too, became a home for former slaves from North America after 1822 , the American Colonisation Society having been established in 1816 to facilitate their return. West African intellectuals including E. W. Blyden , Samuel Ajayi Crowther , and J. E. Casely Hayford produced early works central to forging notions of pan-African identity. Crowther’s The Gospel on the...
Vietnamese Family Names Reference library
Horace Chen
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...system was modified by other priests and made the sole official system across Vietnam by the French colonization administration in 1910. Since then, this system has been adopted as the standard writing system for Vietnamese and has remained largely unchanged. Like Chinese, Vietnamese is also a tonal language that uses pitch to distinguish word meanings. The writing system Quốc ngữ thus makes use of diacritics to mark these tones. Moreover, this romanization system employs additional diacritics to indicate different vowel qualities. However, when this...
Landscape History: The Countryside Quick reference
H. S. A. Fox
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...improvement is still recorded in the nomenclature of farms and hamlets. Of course, we should not think of medieval colonization as a movement taking place in an unused ‘wilderness’. It can be shown that the diverse resources of the woods and heaths of Arden were used by people from quite far afield long before the 13th century, seasonally occupied sites perhaps preceding permanent settlement. The same may be said of many moorland regions colonized at about the same time as Arden; examples include settlements on Bodmin Moor with the Cornish element havos ...
Churches in Context: The Jesus Movement in the Roman World Reference library
Daniel N. Schowalter
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...Power in Roman Imperial Society. Harrisburg, Pa.: Trinity Press International, 1997. An illuminating collection of essays on Roman social, political, and religious realities, and the development of the church within that context. MacMullen, Ramsay. Paganism in the Roman Empire. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1981. Building on extensive literary evidence and material remains, MacMullen explores fundamental questions about what the Romans believed and why. Millar, Fergus. The Emperor and the Roman World 31 ...
Liberation Theology: Latin America Reference library
M. Daniel Carroll R.
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...figures (in particular, Bishop Oscar Romero and the Jesuit Ignacio Ellacuría of El Salvador), were assassinated and are claimed as martyrs for liberation theology. Bartolomé de Las Casas (1474–1566), called the ‘Apostle of the Indians’ for trying to humanize the colonization of Southern America by the Spanish. The portrait dates from the end of the 17 th century. photo AKG, London. The liberationist framework requires that theologians consider themselves ‘organic intellectuals’, a concept borrowed from A. Gramsci. They are not...
Filipino Family Names Reference library
Jesus Federico C. Hernandez
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...Spanish surnames that were arbitrarily selected by Filipinos from a list and not because of descent. In Filipino surnames, teknonymy (naming from one’s child) was practiced instead of patronymy. This system of naming based on one’s child might have been widespread before the colonization of the islands. Ties to a community, membership, and origin can also be based on geographical or place identity. Habitational and topographic names mark the place of origin of a group of persons. Danao , mentioned above, is an example of a geographic feature that became part...
Greek Family Names Reference library
Nick Nicholas
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...reflects humanistic revivals of classical names as surnames, which were particularly popular in the Netherlands, northern Germany, and Scandinavia (e.g. achilles , alpha , and the many Scandinavian surnames ending in ‑ ander ). The other is southern Italy and Sicily, a region colonized by Greeks in antiquity to the extent that it came to be known in Latin as Magna Graecia ‘Greater Greece’. When it came under Byzantine dominion in the 6th century, the Greek presence in the region was reinforced, and Greek remained in common use after the 11th century, when...
Islam And Arab Nationalism Reference library
‘Abd Al-Rahmān Al-Bazzāz
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...language and literature drew from the earliest days. And if he wants to exalt the glorious actions and the heroes of the past, this will drive him, in most cases, to feel that the Muslim Arabs were strangers to him and that they were, in spite of external appearances, his real colonizers, mentally, spiritually, and culturally; the nationalist Muslim Arab will not often encounter this kind of difficulty. I do not know whether it is necessary for me to say that our call for Arab nationalism and for a comprehensive Arab being does not, under any circumstances,...
1 Thessalonians Reference library
Philip F. Esler and Philip F. Esler
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...work of social anthropologists in the last few decades) and millennialism, the study of how certain contemporary pre-industrial peoples in Africa, the Americas, and the South Pacific have responded to the disruption or destruction of their traditional life styles by European colonization by generating myths of future deliverance which describe the coming destruction of the Europeans and the restoration of traditional lifestyles, the return of the ancestors, the provision of cargo, and so on ( Esler 1994 : 96–104; Duling 1996 ). Jewett ( 1986 ) has applied...
French Family Names Reference library
Simon Lenarčič and Susan Whitebook
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...Huguenot, Walloon, and Haitian origin. History The majority of French surnames come from three linguistic sources: Roman Latin, Germanic (mainly Frankish), and the Latinized Hebrew Bible. The Celtic names of the Gauls who inhabited the territory when the Romans arrived have largely been lost, except in the form of placenames associated with properties; in the latter case, they were generally Latinized with the ending -acum ‘property of’. The Roman style of personal names, with the forename (Latin praenomen ), the tribal name ( gens ), and the nickname or...
Acts Reference library
Loveday Alexander and Loveday Alexander
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...the Roman law of the colony. From the Roman perspective, in other words, disputes between synagogue members and church members are still intramural disputes between rival factions (or ‘sects’, cf. 24:14 ) within the Jewish community. This is almost certainly a correct perception for the period Luke is describing; Suetonius' account of Claudius' expulsion of the Jews ( acts 18:2 ) shows that a Roman writer could still make the same assumption in the second century. Gallio's studied indifference ( v. 17 ) is not a particularly good advertisement for Roman...
South Asian Genealogy Quick reference
Abi Husainy
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...Asian Genealogy With over 2.3 million people, according to the UK 2001 census, South Asians are the largest non‐white population in Britain. South Asians first arrived in Britain 400 years ago. As colonization put more people on the move in the 18th and 19th centuries, Indian seamen, known as Lascars, toiled for the British merchant navy, and nannies, known as ayahs, were employed by East India Company elites and British officials. Indian royal families, including nawabs and rajas, and diplomats visited Britain for pleasure or to submit petitions on legal...
Slovak Family Names Reference library
Peter Ďurčo
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...Surnames In the Christian command of the Great Moravian period, individuals were mentioned in Latin documents with only one name. From the 13th century onward, the situation with naming persons began to change significantly. Modern names bear traces of Byzantine-Roman relations, Wallachian colonization in the northern part of Slovakia, especially since the 13th century, and also the German settlement of mining and viticulture areas. Adding to this complexity, the northern part of the territory of eastern Slovakia was inhabited by Ukrainian or Rusyn (Ruthenian)...
Historic Churches Quick reference
David Hey
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...in the Landscape (2007) , which shows that even the most popular cults had geographical patterns. The only attempts to analyse the entire body of dedications within a county and to use them for an understanding of historical development are Alan Everitt , Continuity and Colonization: The Evolution of Kentish Settlement ( 1986 ), ch. 9, which studies 540 dedications throughout the county of Kent to show a striking contrast between the early dedication patterns and that of the later churches and chapels, and Nicholas Orme , English Church Dedications...
