Pure Land schools Reference library
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
... Land schools . A devotional form of Buddhism centring on the Buddha Amitābha (Skt.; Chin., O-mi-tʾo; Jap., Amida ) and his transcendent realm known as Pure Land . Everything in Pure Land is conducive to Buddhist enlightenment; hence, persons born there in their next lifetime will attain nirvāna without fail. Pure Land Buddhism originated in India, but it gained its largest following in E. Asia once Pure Land scriptures were translated into Chinese. One of China's early Pure Land adherents was Hui-yuan ( 334–416 ). The spread of Pure Land Buddhism to...
Pure Land schools
Pure Land school, Japan Quick reference
A Dictionary of Buddhism
...Pure Land thought much more convenient than it might otherwise have been. In this second respect, its influence cannot be overestimated: not only has it remained a popular book for the study of Pure Land in Japan down to modern times, it was also one of the few Japanese Buddhist works to be exported back to China and achieve influential status. In Genshin's time, its appearance raised the visibility of Pure Land within the Tendai school, and inspired even clerics of other schools to adopt Pure Land practice. Besides Genshin, one other pre-Kamakura Pure Land...
Pure Land school, China Quick reference
A Dictionary of Buddhism
...leadership for a Pure Land movement concentrated in the north that devoted itself more or less exclusively to Pure Land practice. There were other streams of Pure Land thought outside of this movement as masters identified with other schools sought to incorporate Pure Land practice and the Pure Land mythos into a wider set of doctrinal and practical options. For example, Chih-i ( 538–97 ), the founder of the T'ien-t'ai school, included meditative practices aimed at the visualization of Amitābha in this life and rebirth in the Pure Land in the afterlife...
Joshua Reference library
Gordon McConville and Gordon McConville
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...exception to the law of Deut 20:16 , though the terms of that law are borrowed here (as elsewhere in our account) in the phrase ‘all who breathed’. Here as in the case of Jericho the report of the total destruction of human life reflects the ‘ideal’ perspective of a pure Israel in the land (see josh c .1–3). Even so, it is hard to avoid the implication that Hazor was thoroughly razed. The present paragraph also ends on the note of command-fulfilment ( v. 15 ). The chain of command extends from YHWH through Moses to Joshua. The line from YHWH to Moses...
The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam Reference library
Muhammad Iqbal
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...subjected to hard and fast rules logically deducible from certain general notions. Yet looked at through the spectacles of Aristotle's logic it appears to be a mechanism pure and simple with no internal principle of movement. Thus the school of Abu Hanifa tended to ignore the creative freedom and arbitrariness of life, and hoped to build a logically perfect legal system on the lines of pure reason. The legists of Hijaz [Arabia], however, true to the practical genius of their race, raised strong protests...
The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement HAMAS Reference library
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...that enemies usurp part of Moslem land, Jihad becomes the individual duty of every Moslem. In face of the Jews’ usurpation of Palestine, it is compulsory that the banner of Jihad be raised. To do this requires the diffusion of Islamic consciousness among the masses, both on the regional, Arab and Islamic levels. It is necessary to instill the spirit of Jihad in the heart of the nation so that they would confront the enemies and join the ranks of the fighters. . . . It is important that basic changes be made in the school curriculum, to cleanse it of the...
Message Not Government, Religion Not State Reference library
‘Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...as hard as you can, among the hadith s of the Prophet, peace be upon him—these pure sources of religion which are within your hands, close to you. If you were to look in them for evidence or anything resembling it, you will find no proof, only guesses, and guessing does not replace Truth. 8 Islam is a religious call to God and is a school of thought, from among many such schools, which seeks to reform a certain type of people, guiding them to what will render...
Essay with Commentary on Post-Biblical Jewish Literature Reference library
Philip S. Alexander
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...outsider; not to prepare his pure food in the house of an outsider; and to eat even ordinary food in purity… ( t. Dem. 2:11) He is accepted first with regard to ‘wings’ (cleanness of hands) and after that with regard to pure food. If he takes upon himself only the obligation concerning ‘wings’ he is accepted; but if he takes upon himself only the obligation concerning pure food, but not concerning ‘wings’, he is not considered reliable even concerning pure food. ( t. Dem. 2:12) How long is it before a man is accepted? The School of Shammai say: For liquids,...
Design Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...into action by the example of other ‘frequently more despotic’ countries with a weaker manufacturing base, it turned to art education as a solution. It recommended that art schools should be established throughout the country, and that local schools should be specifically related to the needs of local manufacturers. In 1836 the government's vote of £1,500 for the establishment of a school of design in London marked the beginning of a new era which saw the development of design in relation to the fine arts on the one hand and industry on the other. It was no...
The Poverty of Fanaticism Reference library
T. J. Winter and Abdal Hakim Murad
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...and practices that explicitly contravene the known principles of the Qur'ān and the sunna . The above classification of bid‘a types is normal in classical sharī‘a literature, being accepted by the four schools of orthodox fiqh . There have been only two significant exceptions to this understanding in the history of Islamic thought: the Ẓāhirī school as articulated by Ibn Ḥazm, and one wing of the Ḥanbalī madhhab , represented by Ibn Taymiyya, who goes against the classical ijmā’ on this issue, and claims that all forms of innovation, good or bad, are...
Contemporary Arab Ideology Reference library
‘Abdallāh Laroui
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...to the divine message.” The cleric then separates dogma from life. The first is kept pure and spotless while actual history is seen as nothing but a series of avatars of a revelation betrayed. Previously, God, tired of being humiliated by his chosen people, took refuge among the Arabs, but later reason, hemmed-in by despotism and obscurantism, withdrew, in spite, to the Christians and gave them glory, power, and riches despite their religion. Andalusia 7 is no longer a land like others, conquered then lost. It becomes the symbol of reason which unloved and...
Language Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...innovations as a return to a purer English, the language of the American yeoman farmer, which pre-dated what he characterized as the aristocratic corruption of eighteenth-century Britain. At times he even went so far as to suggest that the contemporary dialects of the unlearned were closer to the purest forms; more often he was intolerant about variation within American English, since he was concerned with developing a national standard in opposition to British English. Historically, Webster followed Tooke in tracing this purer language to the Anglo-Saxon:...
Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period Reference library
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...of Jews and Samaritans in his own time. The decisive break by sectarian Samaritans from Judaism occurred only in the second century bce . According to various hypotheses, the enigmatic “people of the land” here could be residents of Judah of foreign, mixed, or doubtful lineage, or they could be “ethnically pure” Jews who had remained in the land during the exile, or they could be a combination of such groups. Behind these troubles lie power struggles over control of the Temple, early manifestations of a key element in Second Temple period...
Islam and Humanism Reference library
Mamadiou Dia
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...vocation and exempts him from asking God to descend to earth in order to make history. If he tried to forget this vocation, the shahada [acceptance of Islam] 2 and the shari‘a remind him of it at all times. First, the shahada —which, as we already know, is not pure contemplation, pure spiritualization, but Promethean effort to be faithful to the pact concluded with God. The history which was in virtuality in the celestial sojourn of man, begins, not with Islam, nor with Christianity or Judaism, but well before, with Adam descended to earth, less to...
41 The History of the Book in Korea Reference library
Beth McKillop
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...letters, language *primers , and practical and literary works were available to the officials, teachers, and artisans who required them. Gazetteers recorded the topography, products, population, and significant achievements of the various regions of the land. For lower-class people, and for teachers in schools in different regions of the country, popular and philosophical works were produced to promote the Confucian virtues of loyalty, obedience, chastity, brotherly love, and filial piety. Clan associations issued detailed *genealogies to allow each...
Poetry Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...every one From silken Samarcand to cedar'd Lebanon. Here we are very far from Wordsworth and Byron; such Keatsian things never were on sea or land. Moreover, that Keats is aware of the extravagance of this writing—that he makes that awareness part of his subject—is exactly the point. What he wants to display is not an objective order but the power of art to mount an independent world in the sphere of pure language. The same desire controls even a poem like ‘To Autumn’ ( 1820 ), so of ten cited for the power of its close objectivity. Season of mists and...
Mythology Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...were gentlemanly virtuosi, usually *Whigs in politics, although their libertine interpretation of religion appealed to plebeian infidels, such as Shelley's early publisher George Cannon ( 1789–1854 ), as well as to poets such as W. S. *Landor , Peacock, and Shelley. The other branch could be described as a Jacobin school as it had its roots in French infidelism and the Enlightenment tradition of Pierre Bayle ( 1647–1706 ) and Voltaire ( 1694–1778 ). Its characteristic voices were those of Charles Dupuis ( 1742–1809 ) and Constantin *Volney . Volney...
Leviticus Reference library
Lester L. Grabbe and Lester L. Grabbe
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...vv. 16–24 : land was valued in relation to the jubilee year. In other words, the number of harvests remaining until the jubilee was calculated and the value set according to that number. Inherited land could then be redeemed for its valuation plus 20 per cent. If the owner did not redeem the land and it was sold, however, it was no longer in his power to redeem. Instead it became priestly property. According to Deut 18:1–21 , Levites (including priests) were not to own land as individuals. Apparently, though, the temple and priesthood could own land jointly....
Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt Reference library
Carol A. Redmount
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...the Decalogue, proclaims a second extensive corpus of laws and regulations, warns solemnly of coming temptations in the land of Canaan, and adjures the people to love and to remain loyal to God in the Promised Land. At long last, at the end of the book of Deuteronomy, Moses climbs to the summit of Mount Nebo and gazes across the Jordan River to the Promised Land. God shows Moses all the land and then tells him, “This is the land of which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, ‘I will give it to your descendants’; I have let you see it with your...
