Pure Land Quick reference
A Dictionary of Asian Mythology
... Land A pure land or “Buddha land” in Mahyāna Buddhism ( see Mahāyāna Buddhism ) is the land of Buddhas and bodhisattvas ( see Bodhisattvas ). Ordinary humans live in impure lands tainted by passions. The Mahāyāna Buddhists say that the Buddha Sākyamuni ( see Gautama Buddha ) has his own land and that other Buddhas have their own. The best known is Sukhāvatī ( see Pure Land ), the home of Buddha Amitābha, or Amida Buddha ( see Amida Buddha ), and the source for the name Pure Land Buddhism ( see Pure Land Buddhism ) so important in Japan ( see ...
Pure Land Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
... Land A pure land or “ Buddha land” in Mahayana Buddhism is the land of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. We ordinary humans live in impure lands tainted by passions. The Mahayana Buddhists say that the Buddha Sakyamuni ( Gautama Buddha ) has his land and that other Buddhas have their own. The best known is Sukhavati, the home of Buddha Amitabha, or Amida Buddha , and the source for the name Pure Land Buddhism, so important in Japan . There the sect, called Jodoshu, was founded by a monk named Honen in the twelfth century c.e. and was based on the Chinese ...
Pure Land Reference library
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
...the less, only the Pure Land of Amitābha ever achieved widespread popularity in E. Asian Buddhism. Hence, in China, Korea, and Japan the expression ‘Pure Land’ came to be used as a proper noun signifying Amitābha's transcendent realm rather than as a generic term for any Buddha Land. Detailed descriptions of the Pure Land are contained in three Pure Land sūtras ( Sukhāvatīvyuha Sūtras ) revered by E. Asian Buddhists: Wu-liang-shou ching (Jap., Muryojukyo ; Larger Pure Land Sūtra) ; O-mi-tʾo ching (Jap., Amidakyo ; Smaller Pure Land Sūtra) ; Kuan...
Pure Land Quick reference
A Dictionary of Buddhism
...( 523–92 ) identified three different types of Pure Land, depending upon the beings that dwell in them or attain their vision: (1) the phenomenal Pure Land where unenlightened beings go which, while purified by the Buddha's presence, still presents itself to their minds according to their desires; (2) the Pure Land with characteristics, which accommodates those who achieved enlightenment ( bodhi ) following the Hīnayāna path and Mahāyāna followers in the early stages of practice; and (3) the true Pure Land, achieved by accomplished Bodhisattvas on...
pure land (C.) Reference library
The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
...pure land . ( C. jingtu ; J. jōdo ; K. chŏngt’o 浄土 ). An English term with no direct equivalent in Sanskrit that is used to translate the Chinese jingtu (more literally, “purified ground”); the Chinese term may be related to the term pariśuddhabuddhakṣetra (although this latter term does not appear in the Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra , the text most closely aligned with pure land thought). The term “pure land” has several denotations in English, which have led to some confusion in its use. These include (1) a buddha-field ( buddhakṣetra ) purified of...
Pure Land Buddhism Quick reference
A Dictionary of Asian Mythology
... Land Buddhism The Pure Land Sect of Buddhism ( see Buddhism , see Mahāyāna Buddhism ), called Jōdoshu in Japan ( see Japanese Buddhism ), was founded by a monk named Honen in the twelfth century ce and was based on the Chinese version called Jingtu. It stresses salvation through Amida Buddha ( see Amida Buddha ) and the possibility of rebirth in Sukhāvatī, the Pure Land ( see Pure Land ) where Amida Buddha reigns. At the center of Pure Land worship is meditation and repeating the name of Amida...
Pure Land schools Reference library
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
... Land schools . A devotional form of Buddhism centring on the Buddha Amitābha (Skt.; Chin., O-mi-tʾo; Jap., Amida ) and his transcendent realm known as Pure Land . Everything in Pure Land is conducive to Buddhist enlightenment; hence, persons born there in their next lifetime will attain nirvāna without fail. Pure Land Buddhism originated in India, but it gained its largest following in E. Asia once Pure Land scriptures were translated into Chinese. One of China's early Pure Land adherents was Hui-yuan ( 334–416 ). The spread of Pure Land Buddhism to...
Buddhism, Pure Land Reference library
Ding-hwa HSIEH
Berkshire Encyclopedia of China
...cohen. Pure Land Patriarchs and Masters In China, Pure Land Buddhism never developed into a distinctive, full-fledged sect ( zong ); its transmission lineage was actually established through the monks of Tiantai, another Chinese Buddhist school, in the Southern Song dynasty ( 1127–1279 ). Throughout most of Chinese history Pure Land teachings and practices were mingled with or incorporated into other forms of Buddhism. Nonetheless, many monks were known for their influential roles in popularizing Pure Land devotion. The first Chinese Pure Land center was...
Pure Land school, Japan Quick reference
A Dictionary of Buddhism
...of Pure Land Buddhism. However, during this early phase, Pure Land did not stand alone. Genshin composed many other works and commentaries on non-Pure Land topics, and, as seen above, Kūya engaged in other practices besides the invocation of Amitābha. For these men, Pure Land was simply an emphasis, not an independent practice. During the early Kamakura, many movements arose that sought to simplify Buddhism to a single practice and to spread it among the masses: zen , Nichiren , and Pure Land. The great difference between the founders of the Pure Land...
Pure Land school, China Quick reference
A Dictionary of Buddhism
...leadership for a Pure Land movement concentrated in the north that devoted itself more or less exclusively to Pure Land practice. There were other streams of Pure Land thought outside of this movement as masters identified with other schools sought to incorporate Pure Land practice and the Pure Land mythos into a wider set of doctrinal and practical options. For example, Chih-i ( 538–97 ), the founder of the T'ien-t'ai school, included meditative practices aimed at the visualization of Amitābha in this life and rebirth in the Pure Land in the afterlife...
Pure Land
Pure Land schools
Land Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of the land take? Major alterations in agricultural production transformed the configuration of the acreage used in farming. Principally this was done through the enclosure of open-field farms, commons, and wastelands, the draining of bogs and fens, the conversion of arable to pasture land, the consolidation of land into larger holdings, and the use of better techniques to cultivate the newer nitrogen-rich animal-feeding crops such as turnips. Between 1762 and 1844 there were more than 2,500 enclosure acts, engrossing over 4 million acres of land fanning...
Joshua Reference library
Gordon McConville and Gordon McConville
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...exception to the law of Deut 20:16 , though the terms of that law are borrowed here (as elsewhere in our account) in the phrase ‘all who breathed’. Here as in the case of Jericho the report of the total destruction of human life reflects the ‘ideal’ perspective of a pure Israel in the land (see josh c .1–3). Even so, it is hard to avoid the implication that Hazor was thoroughly razed. The present paragraph also ends on the note of command-fulfilment ( v. 15 ). The chain of command extends from YHWH through Moses to Joshua. The line from YHWH to Moses...
Central Government, Courts, and Taxation Quick reference
R. W. Hoyle
The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (2 ed.)
...by the land tax in 1692 . Copies of the land tax were deposited with the county clerks of the peace after 1780 : these are familiar enough, but in some counties they survive imperfectly or not at all. Less attention has been paid to the master set of land tax returns in The National Archives (IR 23). These volumes were made after it was decided to sell the redemption of the land tax in 1798 , and are keyed to the office copies of the Redemption Certificates (IR 24) which provide additional details of the land redeemed. Pre‐ 1780 land tax returns...
Turkish Family Names Reference library
Simon Lenarčič and Sevan Nisanyan
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...figuratively ‘speedy’ (see yildirim ), Öztürk ‘pure Turk’ (see ozturk ), Aydın ‘bright’, also ‘educated’ (see aydin ), Özdemir ‘genuine iron’ (see ozdemir ), arslan ‘lion’, figuratively ‘brave man’, Doğan ‘Peregrine falcon’ (see dogan ), Kılıç ‘saber’ (see kilic ), aslan ‘lion’, figuratively ‘brave man’, and Çetin ‘hard’ (see cetin ). All the most common Turkish surnames listed above are based on regular words or composed with the adjective öz ‘real, genuine’, also ‘pure’. They are mostly ornamental names, reflecting wishes or...
The Bible in Literature Reference library
David Jasper
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Bible
...(‘There is a land of pure delight’), and finally the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge. Among Victorian poets, Tennyson uses the Pisgah sight to describe the death of King Arthur at the end of The Idylls of the King (1842), Swinburne returns to it in his poem ‘Evening on the Broads’ (1880), but perhaps most interesting is Matthew Arnold's use of it in Empedocles on Etna (1852). For Arnold's Empedocles is a latter-day Moses, or rather his Victorian antithesis, for he receives no vision of the future and for him there is no Promised Land but only death...
The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement HAMAS Reference library
Islam in Transition: Muslim Perspectives (2 ed.)
...advice concerning the conquered land—whether they should divide it among the soldiers, or leave it for its owners, or what? After consultations and discussions between the Caliph of the Moslems, Omar bin-el-Khatab and companions of the Prophet, Allah bless him and grant him salvation, it was decided that the land should be left with its owners who could benefit by its fruit. As for the real ownership of the land and the land itself, it should be consecrated for Moslem generations till Judgement Day. Those who are on the land are there only to benefit from its...
Message Not Government, Religion Not State Reference library
‘Ali ‘Abd al-Raziq
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...it. Look between the two covers of the Qur'an for open or latent evidence supporting those who think that the Islamic religion has a political character, and then look for evidence, as hard as you can, among the hadith s of the Prophet, peace be upon him—these pure sources of religion which are within your hands, close to you. If you were to look in them for evidence or anything resembling it, you will find no proof, only guesses, and guessing does not replace Truth. 8 ...
Ezekiel Reference library
J. Galambush and J. Galambush
The Oxford Bible Commentary
...to see the land. In v. 7 Ezekiel carries out the symbolic action. The action seems to represent a resident of Jerusalem during a siege who has decided to escape the city by night rather than suffer siege conditions or be forcibly removed by the attacking army. The symbolism of covering the face so as not to see the land is enigmatic, especially since the action is undertaken at night, when the land would not be visible in any event. Most likely the gesture represents the successful escapee's new condition—safe, but no longer able to see the land. In vv....
