Peloponnesian War (431–404) Reference library
Simon Hornblower
The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.)
...war ; athens ; corinth ; greece (prehistory and history) ; sparta . On the ‘First Peloponnesian War’ see D. M. Lewis , CAH 5 2 (1992), ch. 5. On the main war D. Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War (1969), The Archidamian War (1974), The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition (1981), and The Fall of the Athenian Empire (1987); D. M. Lewis and A. Andrewes CAH 5 2 (1992), chs. 9–11; G. L. Cawkwell , Thucydides and the Peloponnesian War (1997); J. F. Lazenby , The Peloponnesian War (2004). On the expressions used for the war...
Peloponnesian War Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
... War , of 431–404 , fought between Athens and its allies ( see delian league ) on the one hand and Sparta and its allies ( see peloponnesian league ) on the other; most of it (down to 411 ) was recorded by Thucydides (2) , and that is the most interesting thing about it. The first ten years were the Archidamian War, a title first used by Lysias , as far as we know, for what Thucydides called the ‘ten‐years war’. This phase was ended by the inconclusive Peace of Nicias . The second main phase of the whole war, which Thucydides insisted on...
Peloponnesian War (431–404 bc) Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
... War ( 431–404 bc ) Conflict in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta . The underlying cause was Sparta's fear of Athenian hegemony. Athenian hostility towards Corinth , Sparta's chief ally, provoked the Spartan declaration of war. Having a stronger army, Sparta regularly invaded Attica, while Athens, under Pericles , avoided land battles and relied on its navy. The early stages were inconclusive. The Peace of Nicias ( 420 bc ) proved temporary. In 415 bc Athens launched a disastrous attack on Syracuse, which encouraged Sparta to renew...
Peloponnesian War Reference library
Matt Simonton
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
... War The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between Athens and its allies, and Sparta and its allies, lasting from 431—404 bce. “The” war really falls into two distinct periods, the “Ten Years’ War” or “Archidamian War” (431–421 BCE) and the “Ionian” or “Decelean War” (413–404 BCE). Modern historians, however, following Thucydides himself (5.26), typically refer to the entire twenty-seven-year period as one continuous war. (Citations from Thucydides are by book and chapter number.) The Peloponnesian War was an extremely influential event in that it...
Peloponnesian War Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
... War The war waged between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies between 431 and 404 bc . Sparta invaded Attica with its allies in 431, but Pericles had persuaded the Athenians to withdraw behind the ‘long walls’, which linked Athens and its port of Piraeus, and avoid a land-battle with Sparta’s superior army. Athens relied on its fleet of triremes to raid the Peloponnese and guard its empire and trade-routes. It was struck a serious blow by an outbreak of plague in 430, which killed about a third of the population, including Pericles....
Peloponne'sian War (431–404 bc) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.)
... War ( 431–404 bc ) A war between Athens and Sparta—the two leading Greek city-states—and their respective allies. A number of sources of friction sparked it off, notably Athenian intervention in a quarrel between Corinth (Sparta's ally) and her colony Corcyra, but the real reason for the conflict, according to the Athenian historian Thucydides , was the rise of Athens to greatness, which made the Spartans fear for their own position. Athens was morally the aggressor, but it was Sparta who declared war. Sparta's army was far superior in quality...
Peloponne'sian War, First Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.)
... War, First Modern name for the period of intermittent warfare in central Greece between Athens, Boeotia, Aegina, and Corinth (and occasionally Sparta) from 460 to 446 bc , ended by the Thirty Years ' Peace. During the Persian Wars elements in Boeotia had favoured the Persians (contrast Plataea ) and their defeat had weakened Boeotia, leaving her threatened by Athenian expansion. Athens abandoned her alliance with Sparta in favour of Argos and Thessaly (a change perhaps reflected by the prominence of Argos in Aeschylus' Oresteia of 458 ) and...
Peloponnesian War Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
... War the war of 431–404 bc fought between Athens and Sparta with their respective allies, occasioned largely by Spartan opposition to the Delian League. It ended in the total defeat of Athens and the transfer, for a brief period, of the leadership of Greece to...
Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian Wars Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
... Wars “Peloponnesian Wars” is a convenient term simplifying the complex yet discrete events occurring in the Greek world in the second half of the fifth century bce ( c.461–404 ). The history of the Athenian Thucydides apparently unifies the events of the “great” Peloponnesian War of 431–404 bce , and his perception that it was the “Athenian” war with “those people—the Peloponnesians” remains influential. Yet contemporaries, including Thucydides, also regarded the events of 431–421 as the “ten years war” (Thucydides 5.25.1) and later the...
Peloponnesian wars (c.460–446) Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Military History
... wars ( c. 460–446 , 431–404 bc ). The first of these periods of warfare, sometimes called the first Peloponnesian war, although the second is never so designated, was sparked by Athenian aggression in the Argolid and the Saronic Gulf. It was complicated by Athens' continuing involvement in anti-Persian operations down to 450 , and by Sparta's inability to strike overland at Attica due to the defection of Megara. Athens began well, winning two sea battles off Aegina, before laying siege to the island's chief town, and twice defeating the...
Peloponnesian wars
Peloponnesian Wars: 460 BCE - 404 BCE
...begins the Second Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War A Dictionary of World History 2 5th century BCE Ancient Athens War Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions 431 BCE 431 BCE The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history Thucydides ( c. 460/455– c. 400 bc ) The Oxford Companion to English Literature 7 5th century BCE Greek literature Literature War Europe Greece Wars and Revolutions 430 BCE 430 BCE A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War A Dictionary of World...
The Second Message of Islam Reference library
Mahmoud Mohamed Taha
Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook
...he refers to Western civilization.—Translator] 11. These extracts, corresponding roughly to the part quoted by the author in Arabic, are quoted here as translated by Joseph Govorse , in The Complete Writings of Thucydides: The Peloponnesian War (New York: Modern Library, 1934), pp. 104–105. 1. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‘im, “Translator's Introduction,” in Mahmoud Mohamed Taha , The Second Message of Islam (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1987) ; Khalid Duran , “An...
Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period Reference library
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...rapid military deployment. The abandonment of many of these sites not long after their construction also suggests that the specific strategic problem prompting their establishment had come to an end. By the late fifth century, mainland Greece had exhausted itself in the Peloponnesian War (431–404) and had no energy for campaigns in the Levant. Ezra and Nehemiah The missions of Ezra and Nehemiah were part of a conscious imperial...
