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Native Americans Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
... Native South Americans derived from North American groups who migrated s . Three main culture groups inhabiting distinct geographic areas are recognized: (1) Native Americans of the Andean area developed the highest cultures of the continent. After ad 1300 , the Quechua culture dominated almost the entire region. (2) Native Americans of the Amazon Basin are mainly isolated, primitive, agricultural communities of many localized tribes. (3) Native Americans of the pampas successfully resisted Inca and Spaniard alike. In the southernmost portion of...
Native Americans Reference library
Jon Parmenter
The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of the American Enlightenment
...that he believed Native American civilizations could produce. Similarly, Jefferson’s call in Notes for the study of Native American languages must be considered as far from a neutral or objective exercise: just like his intrusive excavation of a site of obvious spiritual significance to living Native American peoples, the substantial effort undertaken by Jefferson and enlightened American institutions such as the American Philosophical Society to amass information on the “customs, manners, language, and character” of Native Americans represented an...
Native Americans Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (2 ed.)
...and although Native Americans had appeared in novels by Hugh Henry Brackenridge , Charles Brockden Brown , and Gilbert Imlay, they came to great prominence in the fiction of Lydia Maria Child , J. K. Paulding, James Fenimore Cooper , R. M. Bird, and Simms. Native American culture, legendry, and relations with whites also figured prominently in nineteenth-century poetry, including that by William Cullen Bryant and John Greenleaf Whittier and, most notably, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ’s Hiawatha . Popular dramas about Native Americans began with Major...
Native Americans Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
... Americans Native Americans . (tribal distribution in the late 15th century) When the first European settlers arrived in North America, the Native American population was scattered widely throughout the whole continent. There were numerous different tribes and an extraordinary diversity of languages and cultures. Some cultural similarities can, however, be found between tribes living in areas of similar geography and climate. For example, in the wooded north-west coastal area, with its hospitable climate and plentiful food supplies, tribes lived a settled...
Native Americans Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...groups in American life. The preservation of that relationship and tribal sovereignty within it remains at the heart of Native American politics. (See also Ethnicity ; New Social Movements .) Charles F. Wilkinson , American Indians, Time, and the Law (New Haven, Conn., 1987). Stephen Cornell , The Return of the Native: American Indian Political Resurgence (New York, 1988). Sharon O'Brien , American Indian Tribal Governments (Norman, Okla., 1989). Vine Deloria, Jr. , and Clifford M. Lytle , The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian...
Native Americans Reference library
Stephen Cornell
The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
...them apart from all other groups in American life. The preservation of that relationship and tribal sovereignty within it remains at the heart of Native American politics. [ See also Ethnicity ; New Deal ; Rights ; and Sovereignty .] Cornell, Stephen . The Return of the Native: American Indian Political Resurgence . (New York, 1988). Deloria, Vine, Jr. , and Clifford M. Lytle . The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty . 2d ed. (New York, 1998). O’Brien, Sharon . American Indian Tribal Governments . (Norman,...
Native Americans Reference library
Stephen Cornell
The Oxford Companion to American Politics
...all other groups in American life. The preservation of that relationship and tribal sovereignty within it remains at the heart of Native American politics. [ See also New Deal . ] Bibliography Cornell, Stephen. The Return of the Native: American Indian Political Resurgence . (New York, 1988). Deloria, Vine, Jr., and Clifford M. Lytle. The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty . 2d ed. (New York, 1998). O’Brien, Sharon. American Indian Tribal Governments . (Norman, Okla., 1989). Wilkinson, Charles F. American Indians, Time, and...
Native Americans Reference library
Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
... Americans . European exploration and settlement of the Americas played a crucial role in Enlightenment thought by prodding Europe's political philosophers, social theorists, and scientists to think about the sudden rise of diversity now apparent in the world around them. In coming to terms with the existence of Native Americans and the questions of difference and similarity that their existence raised, Europeans responded in opposing ways. They became endlessly curious, but they simultaneously reduced Native Americans to stock types against which Europe's...
Native Americans Reference library
Encyclopedia of Social Work (20 ed.)
... Lester, D. (2002). Self-destructive behaviors in American Indian and Alaska Native high school youth . American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research , 10(3), 24–32. Greenfield, L. A. , & Smith, S. K. (1999). American Indians and Crime (No. NCJ173386 BJS Publication) Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Grim, J. A. (2000). Cultural identity, authenticity, and community survival: The politics of recognition in the study of native American religions. In L. Irwin (Ed.), Native American spirituality: A critical reader (pp. 37–60)....
Native Americans Reference library
Roger L. Nichols
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
... Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act forced museums, universities, and historical societies to examine their holdings of Native artifacts and skeletal remains. In some cases these materials have to be returned to tribes that claimed them, creating bitter disputes between academics and museum curators and some tribal officials. In 2004 the opening of the National Museum of the American Indian on the mall in Washington, D.C., recognized some of the roles Indians have played in American society and history. [ See also Native Americans,...
Native Americans
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
...Native Americans American Indian slaves were one of the most sought-after commodities in North America throughout the seventeenth century. Most Europeans viewed slavery as a moral, socially acceptable legal institution. Unlike in Europe, land was plentiful in the Americas, but profit-seeking Europeans needed labor to extract wealth from plantations. Spanish and French colonies engaged in the slave trade, but the English dominated it by enslaving an estimated thirty thousand to fifty thousand American Indians before 1715 . Most of the captives originated...
Native Americans Reference library
Rennard J. Strickland and Sidney L. Harring
The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States (2 ed.)
...571), it was clear that Native American law was the appropriate law to govern sovereign Native American people. By the late nineteenth century, following years of an explicit policy of “assimilation,” it was politically controversial that the Indian nations retained their own law. But, at the same time, the existence of Native American law was itself testimony to the strength of the Indian nations. Law, as a social institution, derives from the structure and social purpose of society. The law as practiced by the various Native American nations was as diverse as...
Mission Native Americans Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (2 ed.)
...Native Americans , general term applied to Native Americans of many tribes, chiefly the Yuma and Shoshone, who were Christianized and gathered into communities by the Spanish Franciscans in southern California (1776–1830s). They were driven out of the missions by the Mexicans, and were neglected by the Americans until after the Civil War, when, largely at the instigation of Helen Hunt Jackson, the government took steps to assist them. Since 1974 they have been located on thirty-one small reservations in southern California. Mary Austin’s Isidro and...
Native Americans Overview Reference library
Hilary N. Weaver
Encyclopedia of Macro Social Work
...act: Blood quantum and the future of Native Nations . Fulcrum Press. Stiffarm, L. A. , & Lane, P., Jr. (1992). The demography of Native North America: A question of American Indian survival. In M. A. Jaimes (Ed.), The state of native America: Genocide, colonization, and resistance (pp. 23–53). South End Press. Tamburro, A. , & Tamburro, P. (2014). Social services and Indigenous peoples of North America: Pre-colonial to contemporary times. In H. N. Weaver (Ed.), Social issues in contemporary Native America: Reflections from Turtle Island (pp....
Native Americans/Mexicanos Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States
... Americans/Mexicanos . Mestizaje is a historical and cultural phenomenon that is central to identity and social stratification in the Américas (Mexico, the Caribbean, and Latin America, including Central America, Brazil, and the Southern Cone) and among Chicanas and Chicanos and other Latinas and Latinos in the United States. Mestizaje is most directly defined as racial and cultural mixtures between the Spanish conquistadors, indigenous civilizations, and the Africans brought over to the Americas in the transatlantic slave trade that began in the sixteenth...
Native Americans/Mexicanos Reference library
Arturo J. Aldama
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
... Americans/Mexicanos . Mestizaje is an historical and cultural phenomenon that is central to identity and social stratification in the Américas (Mexico, the Caribbean, and Latin America, including Central America, Brazil, and the Southern Cone) and among Chicanas and Chicanos and other Latinas and Latinos in the United States. Mestizaje is most directly defined as racial and cultural mixtures between the Spanish conquistadors, indigenous civilizations, and the Africans brought over to the Americas in the transatlantic slave trade that began in the...
Native Americans and African Americans Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
...Native Americans and African Americans in the Antebellum Era through the Civil War The interactions between African Americans and Native Americans in the nineteenth century were complex, ranging from complete communal and social integration to outright hostility and disdain from one group toward the other. Most African Americans and Native Americans did, however, share the experience of being marginalized, discriminated against, or subjugated by the white American majority. Native Americans and African American Slavery Relations between African Americans and...
African Americans by Native Americans
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Social History
... United States forced the slaveholding Indians in Indian Territory to end slavery and incorporate their former slaves into their society as free citizens. [ See also Native American History and Culture ; Native American Land Use ; Native American Removal ; Slave Families and Communities ; and Slave Trades . ] bibliography Bier, Lisa. American Indian and African American People, Communities, and Interactions: An Annotated Bibliography . Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2004. A very useful and thorough research re-source; includes sections of...
Native Americans in Drama Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Theatre (3 ed.)
...by and about Native Americans has not been very widespread in modern times, though ritual dramas, in which the audience were all participants, was very common throughout the hundreds of North American tribes that existed before the arrival of Europeans. These performances were built around legends and the history of the community, so the art form died out when the communities were broken up. In the 1970 s attempts were made by contemporary Native Americans to revive this form of theatre. The Red Earth Theatre in Seattle and the Native American Ensemble...
Native Americans in Congress Reference library
The Oxford Guide to the United States Government
... Americans in Congress Although Congress has long had committees and subcommittees that deal with issues related to American Indians, few Native Americans have served in the House or Senate. Originally, the Constitution treated the Indian tribes as separate nations. Indians were not citizens and were not counted for purposes of taxes or for determining a state's representation in the House (Article 1, Section 2). Not until the Dawes Act of 1887 did Congress grant U.S. citizenship to the Indians. The first member of Congress to claim Native American...
