League of Nations Reference library
Antoine CAPET
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
...league/ League of Nations Union. (1919). The League of Nations Covenant: The full text of the revised Covenant—Presented to and accepted by the plenary inter-allied conference on April 28, 1919 . London: League of Nations Union. Miller, D. H. (2002). The drafting of the Covenant . Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein. (Original work published 1928) United Nations . (1996). The League of Nations, 1920–1946, Organization and accomplishments: A retrospective of the first international organization for the establishment of world peace . New...
The League of Nations and the United States Reference library
Charlie Laderman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Foreign Relations
...the relationship between the US Congress and the League. The League of Nations Union Archives, held at the British Library of Political and Economic Science, provides important insights into the League’s origins. There are thousands of records on the League of Nations at the UK National Archives . Many other member states also house extensive records of their League activity in their government archives. The UN Office at Geneva holds the League of Nations Archives and the papers of a number of individuals involved in running the organization. Largely...
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World Encyclopedia
... of Nations International organization ( 1920–46 ), forerunner of the United Nations (UN) . Created as part of the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) ending World War 1, the USA's refusal to participate impaired the League's effectiveness. The threats to world peace from Germany, Italy, and Japan caused the League to collapse in 1939 , and it dissolved in 1946...
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A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
... of Nations An organization for international cooperation established in 1919 by the Versailles Peace Settlement . A League covenant embodying the principles of collective security, arbitration of international disputes, reduction of armaments, and open diplomacy was formulated. Germany was admitted in 1926 , but the US Congress failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, containing the covenant. Although the League, with its headquarters in Geneva, accomplished much of value in post‐war economic reconstruction, it failed in its prime purpose as a...
League of Nations Reference library
Oxford Companion to Australian Politics
... of Nations The League of Nations was the first international organisation dedicated to promotion of peace. Established in the immediate aftermath of World War I , it was officially inaugurated on 10 January 1920 , when the Treaty of Versailles came into force. The Covenant of the League formed the initial part of this treaty. The League sought to promote peace by means of disarmament negotiations, conference diplomacy, and international law. It also embraced the principle of collective security and dealt with such matters as protection of minorities,...
League of Nations Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
... of Nations The first global international organization, forerunner of the United Nations, whose constituent document, the Covenant, formed Part I of the Peace Treaty of Versailles with Germany of 28 June 1919 ( 225 C.T.S. 188 ) and equally of the Peace Treaties of St Germain-en-Laye of 10 September 1919 with Austria ( 226 C.T.S. 8 ) and of Neuilly of 27 November 1919 with Bulgaria ( 226 C.T.S. 332 ). At its zenith, the League had 58 members, but the United States, not having ratified the Treaty of Versailles, never joined; and Japan, Germany, and...
League of Nations Reference library
The Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military
... of Nations an association of countries established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation and achieve international peace and security. It was powerless to stop Italian, German, and Japanese expansionism leading to World War II , and was replaced by the United Nations in 1945 . It included provisions for arbitrating international disputes, reducing armaments, and imposing collective military and economic sanctions against any nation that violated the political independence and territorial integrity of another....
League of Nations Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Irish History (2 ed.)
... of Nations , established by the treaty of Versailles in 1919 as a vehicle for the regulation of international relations through collective security. The Irish Free State entered the league in September 1923 . Its first years of membership were dominated by uncertainty as to how far dominion status permitted an independent national position at the league. The Statute of Westminster cleared the way for a phase of Irish activism. In 1932 the presidency of the League Council passed by rotation to Ireland. This coincided both with a transfer of power...
League of Nations Reference library
Deborah Stienstra
The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History
...Article 23(c) entrusted the League of Nations “with general supervision over the execution of agreements with regard to the traffic in women and children.” Women and the Operations of the League of Nations. Once the League of Nations was established, women and women's groups continued to press for their goals, including those concerning issues of nationality, equal rights, and traffic in women and children. They worked within the structures of the League of Nations to have these issues considered. Nationality of married women. In recognition that...
League of Nations Reference library
Kalevi J. Holsti
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...Nations. Although some league committees continued to function during the war, in the security field, the league ceased to operate in 1941 . It was formally disbanded in April 1946 . [ See also Force, Use of ; International Law ; and United Nations . ] Bibliography Northedge, F. S. The League of Nations: Its Life and Times. (Leicester, U.K., 1986). United Nations Library and the Graduate Institute of International Studies, University of Geneva . The League of Nations in Retrospect. (Berlin and New York, 1983). Walters, F. P. History of...
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David Carlton
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
... of Nations The League of Nations was established at the end of the First World War by the victor powers meeting at the Paris Peace Conference. Its strongest advocate was US President Woodrow Wilson. But ironically his own country’s Senate refused to ratify membership and hence the world’s strongest state withdrew into a form of ‘isolation’. Of the other great powers only Great Britain and France were to be members throughout the League’s existence. Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and Italy joined late or resigned, or did both. At Wilson’s insistence the...
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The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
... of Nations . The covenant of the League of Nations, the first permanent international organization charged with the task of preserving international peace and security , was drafted during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 , primarily under the influence of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Robert Cecil of Great Britain, and the French diplomat Léon Bourgeois . The core of the new covenant was Article 10, under which the members agreed to preserve each other's territorial integrity and political independence against external...
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Francine McKenzie
The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
... of Nations . In 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference US President Woodrow Wilson outlined his vision of an international institution with a mandate to prevent war: the League of Nations. Prime Minister Robert Borden wanted Canada to join, but there was some question about whether the British government represented Canada through the British Empire seat as well as whether Canada was eligible for election to one of the non-permanent seats of the council of the league. In the end Canada assumed its seat in the general assembly as an independent member....
League of Nations Reference library
Francine McKenzie
The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
... of Nations . In 1919 at the Paris Peace Conference US President Woodrow Wilson outlined his vision of an international institution with a mandate to prevent war: the League of Nations. Prime Minister Robert Borden wanted Canada to join, but there was some question about whether the British government represented Canada through the British Empire seat as well as whether Canada was eligible for election to one of the non-permanent seats of the council of the league. In the end Canada assumed its seat in the general assembly as an independent member....
League of Nations Reference library
J. A. Cannon
The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.)
... of Nations . The League of Nations was formally established on 10 January 1920 with a permanent headquarters at Geneva. It was very much the brainchild of President Woodrow Wilson , who insisted that it should be included in the peace treaties at the end of the First World War, and supported by the other allied statesmen, notably Lloyd George , with rather less enthusiasm. There was an assembly, at which all members were represented, and a council which included four permanent members (Britain, France, Italy, and Japan, joined by Germany in 1926 ) and...
League of Nations Reference library
M. R. D. Foot
The Oxford Companion to World War II
...Organization , were of substantial use in promoting welfare over much of the world's territory. The colonial possessions of Germany and Turkey, both defeated in the First World War, were parcelled out in League of Nations mandates among the victorious powers; some of these became independent, as had been Wilson's intention, in the 1930s (for example Iraq), while others (like Palestine) were still under the control of their mandatory power in 1939 . League inspections of them had ceased by that date. The last political act of the League was to expel the...
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The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace
... of Nations . Often presented as the archetypal doomed idealistic project, the League of Nations is cited as an example of a utopian failure. Despite this common perception, there is no consensus among historians on the success and legacy of the League, and, as is the case with the United Nations after it, many of the issues on which the League has been judged are in areas in which the League itself had little or no control. It is important to bear in mind that the League was a product of diplomatic negotiations, remained a state-based organization, and its...
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A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...League of Nations An international organization of originally 45 members founded at the Paris Peace Conference on 24 April 1919 to enable collective security, arbitration of international disputes, and disarmament . It was inspired by the failure of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and President Wilson 's Fourteen Points . From the start, the League was fundamentally weakened by the refusal of any isolationist Congress to ratify the USA's entry. Germany was admitted in 1926 , the Soviet Union in 1934 . It supervised the...
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Thomas J. Edward Walker
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...the steel strike of 1919 , and the Boston Police strike of the same year) to urban violence was connected to foreign influence. Alarmist media discourse rallying League of Nations. German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels ( center ) with Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath, at a meeting of the League of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, October 1933. Photograph by Alfred Eisenstaedt. AP I mages Americans against the evils of communism, anarchism, and immigration was picked up by the politically ambitious who, on soapboxes of their own design,...
League of Nations Reference library
Thomas J. Knock
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Military and Diplomatic History
... of Nations The international organization, the League of Nations, came to life in 1919 when President Woodrow Wilson secured the inclusion of its charter in the Treaty of Versailles. The League “Covenant,” the work of many internationalists on both sides of the Atlantic, contained provisions for the arbitration of international disputes, armaments reduction, and the imposition of collective military and economic sanctions against any nation that violated the political independence and territorial integrity of another. The last obligation (embodied in...
