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Sumner, John Bird (1780–1862) Reference library
Stella Fletcher
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
..., John Bird ( 1780–1862 ) Abp of Canterbury. Elder brother of C. R. Sumner , he was educated at King’s College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow in 1801. After holding several benefices he was nominated bp of Chester in 1828. Though a convinced Evangelical , he voted for the Catholic Emancipation Bill in 1829 ( see Catholic Relief Acts ). Later he opposed the Oxford Movement . In 1848 he was appointed abp of Canterbury . His numerous writings include Apostolical Preaching (1815), based on the Pauline Epp.; A Treatise on the Records of...
Sumner, John Bird (1780–1862) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 ed.)
..., John Bird ( 1780–1862 ), Abp. of Canterbury from 1848 . Though unsympathetic towards R. D. Hampden 's theology, he did not oppose his appointment as Bp. of Hereford , and took part in his consecration. In the controversy over the Gorham Case he denied that Baptismal Regeneration was a fundamental doctrine of the C of E. In 1852 he presided over the Upper House of Convocation when it met for business for the first time in 135...
Sumner, John Bird (1780–1862) Reference library
The Biographical Dictionary of British Economists
..., John Bird ( 1780–1862 ) Sumner was born at Kenilworth on 25 February 1780 , the eldest son of Robert Sumner, vicar of Stoneleigh. He died at Addington Palace, Surrey on 1 May 1862 . Educated at Eton and King’s College, Cambridge (BA 1803 , MA 1807 , DD 1828 ) he proved a brilliant scholar and was Hulsean prizeman in 1802 . Vacating his King’s fellowship on his marriage in 1803 , he received an Eton fellowship and the valuable college living of Mapledurham. His evangelical theology won him a canonry from Shute barrington , bishop of Durham, but...
John Bird Sumner
Henry Phillpotts
Gorham Case
Lambeth Conferences
Wisconsin School of Economics Reference library
Gerald Friedman
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History
...graduate program at Wisconsin, training a generation of reform-minded institutionalists, including Arthur J. Altmeyer, John Andrews, Francis Bird, Elizabeth Brandeis, John Fitch, Alvin Hansen, William Leiserson, Selig Perlman, David Saposs, Helen Sumner, and Edwin Witte. Commons and his students completed Ely's project of a history of labor in the United States and contributed to both the Russell Sage Foundation's Pittsburgh Survey ( 1907–1908 ) and the United States Industrial Commission. Commons and his students maintained close relations with other...
Huntington, Daniel (14 Oct 1816) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art
...brought commissions for elaborate, full-scale portraits, which he treated with looser brushwork and dramatic lighting inspired by Titian and Reynolds. On a visit to England in 1851 , Huntington painted Sir Charles Lock Eastlake ( 1851 ; New York, Hist. Soc.) and John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1851 ; New York, Gen. Theol. Semin.). He made four return visits to Europe between 1852 and 1883 . His other distinguished sitters include William Cullen Bryant ( 1866 ; New York, Brooklyn Mus.) and Ulysses S. Grant ( 1875 ; formerly New...
Navigation Reference library
Willem F. J. MORZER BRUYNS
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
...a ship’s position could be found at almost any time of the day. The first to develop a method by which a single observation of the sun or a star resulted in a position line was the American captain Thomas Sumner , in 1843 . The intersection of several “Sumner lines,” taken from stars in different directions, provided a fix. In the 1860s the Sumner method was improved by French astronomers and naval officers, and by then celestial navigation had reached the level at which it remained until long after World War II. Electronic Means of Navigation The development...
Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism and Letters Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.)
...— Talbot Faulkner Hamlin , Benjamin Henry Latrobe 1957 — John F. Kennedy , Profiles in Courage 1958 — Douglas S. Freeman , George Washington (vols. 5 and 6); and John A. Carroll and Mary W. Ashworth , George Washington (vol. 7) 1959 — Arthur Walworth , Woodrow Wilson (2 vols.) 1960 —Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones 1961 — David Donald , Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War 1962 —No award 1963 — Leon Edel , Henry James (vols. 2 and 3) 1964 — Walter Jackson Bate , John Keats 1965 — Ernest Samuels , Henry Adams (3 vols.) 1966 —...
New Zealand Reference library
Tim Thomas
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
...by 1872 after a series of archaeological excavations in Canterbury and Otago. A key site was Moa-Bone Point Cave, where bones of the extinct moa, a large flightless bird, were found associated with flaked stone tools in the lowest levels. Above these deposits were shell midden layers with polished or ground stone tools. To explain the change Haast drew inspiration from John Lubbock’s Paleolithic and Neolithic subdivisions of the European Stone Age, arguing that the lower layers were produced by autochthonous, Paleolithic “moa-hunters” and the upper...
Western Navigation Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History
...brought to great perfection by John Bird of London . An important improvement in graduating circular scientific instruments was achieved in the 1770s, when Jesse Ramsden of London invented a circular dividing engine. While the lunar method was being perfected, watchmakers in England and France worked on a timekeeper that would maintain time accurately throughout a voyage. Its accuracy should not be influenced by changes in temperature or gravity, or by the ship’s movements. Notable contestants in the process were John Harrison in England , and ...
CAFOs: Farm Animals and Industrialized Livestock Production Reference library
James M. MacDonald
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Agriculture and the Environment
...California concerning space requirements for egg-laying hens carries several important insights for regulation of animal welfare ( Sumner, 2018 ). In 2008 , California voters approved a ballot measure requiring greater space standards in housing for egg-laying hens in the state. Egg production costs are affected by housing design, and increased space per bird would likely lead to higher labor and capital costs: Mathews and Sumner ( 2015 ) estimated that operating costs in conventional systems, per dozen eggs produced, would be 4% lower than in enriched...
Childhood Reference library
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
...from the city's schools could seek relief. Charles Sumner and the black lawyer Robert Morris represented the plaintiff in Roberts v. City of Boston ( 1849 ) before the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, then headed by the chief justice Lemuel Shaw. Sumner argued not only that Sarah was disadvantaged by attending Smith Grammar School but also that white children were harmed by segregation: “Their hearts, while yet tender with childhood, are necessarily hardened by this conduct,” said Sumner, and “their subsequent lives, perhaps, bear enduring...
Populist Era Reference library
Wayne Flynt
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History
...The United States an-nexed Hawai ‘i in 1898 and, in the same year, in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, acquired Cuba , Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines from Spain . An anti-imperialist movement recruited such varied supporters as William Graham Sumner , William James , and Andrew Carnegie , but most Americans approved of the nation’s imperial aspirations. In foreign affairs, as in the domestic arena, the last decade of the nineteenth century stands as a kind of curtain-raiser to the twentieth. The Culture of Populism. The...
Populist Era. Reference library
Wayne Flynt
The Oxford Companion to United States History
...borders: The United States annexed Hawai'i in 1898 and, in the same year, in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War , acquired Cuba, Puerto Rico , Guam, and the Philippines from Spain. An anti-imperialist movement recruited such varied supporters as William Graham Sumner , William James , and Andrew Carnegie , but most Americans approved of the nation's imperial aspirations. In foreign affairs, as in the domestic arena, the last decade of the nineteenth century stands as a kind of curtain-raiser to the twentieth. The Culture of Populism. The...
critical approaches Reference library
Oxford Reader's Companion to Hardy
...and Perception in the Work of Thomas Hardy , 1986 ) and Annie Escuret (‘Thomas Hardy and J. M. W. Turner’, in Lance St John Butler (ed.), Alternative Hardy , 1989 ) have considered Hardy's relationship to Turner, Ruskin, and later 19th-century art in general. Joan Grundy 's Hardy and the Sister Arts ( 1979 ) also compares Hardy to Impressionism. There is a sub-genre of articles covering this ground, too, such as Rosemary Sumner's ‘Some Surrealist Elements in Hardy's Prose and Verse’ ( THA 1985 ). Hardy and Other Writers. Marlene Springer 's ...
navigation Quick reference
Mike Richey
The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.)
...to John Harrison ( 1693–1776 ). Modern Navigational Aids. Until the 20th century, the only way of establishing a ship's position offshore was still celestial navigation , although improved instruments, from the early quadrants to the modern double-reflection sextant , increased the accuracy and reliability of observation, whilst improvements in nautical tables and almanacs constantly evolved with the growth of nautical astronomy and, latterly, computers. Both the notion of the position line, stumbled across accidentally by the American Captain Sumner in...
Literature Reference library
Everett Emerson, Gary Ashwill, Gordon Hutner, and Thomas H. Schaub
The Oxford Companion to United States History
...of which individuals struggle with events and social forces beyond their control. American naturalist writers were influenced by such authors as Flaubert and Zola; Charles Darwin's theory of evolution ; and the laissez-faire ideology of Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner . In an era of rapid cultural change, some of these novels, including Crane's Maggie and Dreiser's Sister Carrie , received a fiercely negative critical reception and even faced censorship pressures. The novelist and short-story writer Jack London also presented a...
