Industrial Revolution Reference library
Donald R. FRANCESCHETTI
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
...Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution marked the shift from agriculture-based economy and the production of goods in homes to the production of goods in factories; it corresponded with the growth of population centers and transportation networks for the distribution of those goods. The first Industrial Revolution occurred in eighteenth-century England. Economists generally assign a starting date between 1740 and 1780 . Scholars disagree about whether the Industrial Revolution was truly a sudden development or rather the result of changes that...
industrial revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of Geography (6 ed.)
... revolution Although there is some discussion about its timing, the industrial revolution is generally accepted as occurring in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. K. Pomeranz ( 2000 ) explains the industrial revolution though ‘Europe’s armed exploitation of other resource-rich regions, particularly in the...
Industrial Revolution Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
... Revolution Social and economic transformation of agricultural societies into industrial societies. It began in Britain in the 18th century. By 1870 , France, Germany and the USA were rapidly developing industrial bases. The Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) led to the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union. In the UK, a rapid increase in population, which was both a cause and result of the Agricultural Revolution , preceded the Industrial Revolution. The inventions of Richard Arkwright , Edmund Cartwright , Samuel Crompton , and James ...
Industrial Revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (3 ed.)
... Revolution The rapid development of industry that began in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, assisted by the introduction of machinery and the development of a market economy, and which spread to other...
Industrial Revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of Public Health (2 ed.)
...Industrial Revolution The transition from an agrarian economy to an economy based on the use of coal-fired machinery to manufacture an increasingly wide range of goods. The process began in Britain in the 18th century after the invention of the steam engine. It progressed rapidly throughout the 19th century and extended to the rest of western Europe, the United States, and Japan, then to the former Soviet Union. A wave of modernizing industrialization occurred in India, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Thailand, China, and some oil-rich nations in the late- 20th-century...
Industrial Revolution Reference library
Joel Mokyr
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...revolutions that were contemporaneous with it, the Industrial Revolution brought economic changes that were neither dramatic nor very abrupt. There are no industrial equivalents to the Battle of Lexington or the conquest of the Bastille. Yet in the economic history of humankind, the Industrial Revolution marks a watershed. Although some other events are sometimes designed as “industrial revolutions,” to say nothing of “agricultural,” “demographic,” and other assorted revolutions, none of them equals the Industrial Revolution in importance. The Industrial...
industrial revolution Reference library
Craig Heron
The Oxford Companion to Canadian History
...and protection (notably tariffs). Using the term ‘revolution’ to describe this process could be misleading, in that all industries were not transformed at the same time or pace, and there was considerable unevenness in industrial development. Nonetheless, industrialization in Canada, as in other countries, evolved through distinct phases (one starting in the 1840s, a second in the 1890s, a third in the 1940s, and a fourth in the 1970s), each of which can be usefully described as a new ‘industrial revolution’. Each time, the accumulated changes in production...
industrial revolution Reference library
Ian John Ernest Keil
The Oxford Companion to British History (2 ed.)
...challenged the very concept of an industrial revolution. For example, econometric techniques applied by N. F. R. Crafts and others indicate slow rates of change in British economic life. Innovations in technology and in organization occurred piecemeal in different parts of the economy, suggesting that the image of revolution seems inappropriate. Others have pointed to important economic changes both earlier and later than the period usually identified. For example, E. M. Carus-Wilson identified an industrial revolution in the 13th cent. associated with...
Industrial Revolution Reference library
Peer Vries
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
... Revolution . The expression “industrial revolution” as a generic term refers to the emergence, during the transition from a preindustrial to an industrial society of modern economic growth—that is, a sustained and substantial increase of gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita in real terms. Talking about “revolution” does not mean that this process would necessarily be sudden and fast. It primarily indicates that the process was deep and pervasive. The first industrial nation was Britain. There the transition took roughly from the 1750s to the...
Industrial Revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of Human Geography
... Revolution A period between the late 18th and early 19th centuries during which key sectors of English industry achieved remarkably higher and sustained levels of productivity. These were associated with technological innovations and working practices that later diffused more widely throughout Europe and North America. This led to a marked divergence between these regions and the rest of the world in standards of living. They also enabled higher rates of population growth alongside rising real wages, contrary to Malthusian expectations. In addition...
Industrial Revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
... Revolution The change in the organization of manufacturing industry that transformed Britain from a rural to an urban economy. The process began in England in the 18th century as a result of improved agricultural techniques, which freed workers from the land and made it possible to provide food for a large non-agricultural population. A combination of economic, political, and social factors, including internal peace, the availability of coal and iron ore, the availability of capital, and the development of steam power—and later the internal-combustion...
industrial revolution Quick reference
A Dictionary of British History (3 ed.)
... revolution In 1837 Louis‐Auguste Blanqui used the phrase to describe the changes Britain had undergone during the previous half‐century in her social and economic life. Widespread use of the term followed from Arnold Toynbee 's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England published in 1884 . Debates about the precise period and its meaning reflected efforts to identify what brought about the transformation from a predominantly rural society, whose major source of livelihoods derived from the land, to a rapidly...
Industrial Revolution, The Quick reference
A Dictionary of Sociology (4 ed.)
...(mainly involving historians) about the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution (see, for example, R. M. Hartwell (ed.), The Causes of the Industrial Revolution in England , 1967). Among numerous available statements one lasting classic is E. J. Hobsbawm ’s Industry and Empire (1968). Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall , in Family Fortunes (1987) , give a detailed historical account of the interrelationships between the development of capitalism, urban industrial society, class, and family...
The Industrial Revolution Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Beer
...machines played an exceptionally vital role in the improvement of bottom-fermented beer manufacture and storage, but generally the innovations resulting from the Industrial Revolution in Britain were replicated in brewing industries elsewhere. Cambridge social anthropologist Alan Macfarlane reckons that one of the largely understudied phenomena occurring immediately prior to the Industrial Revolution in Britain was a surge in population (which had remained static for the previous century). The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years across all...
enlightenment and industrial revolution Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science
...and industrial revolution . The European Enlightenment and the First Industrial Revolution, not often seen as closely related, were in fact intertwined profoundly. Many people active in promoting enlightened causes, freedom of religion, the abolition of slavery, and (more in Catholic than in Protestant Europe) anticlericalism were also active in industrial development. For example, Joseph Priestley was minister in Birmingham's Unitarian chapel, where early industrialists and skilled workers worshiped. James Watt , perfecter of the steam engine,...
Industrial Revolution Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.)
... Revolution the rapid development of industry that occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of...
