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Swift, Gustavus Franklin (1839–1903) Reference library
Bruce Kraig
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
..., Gustavus Franklin Gustavus Franklin Swift ( 1839–1903 ) was the eponymous founder of one of America's largest and best known meat-processing companies. He is credited with introducing refrigeration to food transportation networks, but his greater importance lay in the organizational concepts and methods he created: Swift was a father of America's modern food-processing and distribution systems. Born and reared on hardscrabble Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and with little formal education, Swift went to work as a butcher's apprentice at age fourteen. Not long...
Gustavus Franklin Swift
Louis Franklin Swift
Philip Danforth Armour
Butchering
hot dog
Livestock Industry.
Meatpacking Industry
ice
meat
transportation
Swift, Louis Franklin (1861–1937) Reference library
The Encyclopedia of the History of American Management
..., Louis Franklin ( 1861–1937 ) Louis Franklin Swift was born in Sagamore, Massachusetts on 27 September 1861 , the eldest son of Gustavus and Annie Maria Swift . He died of heart disease in Chicago on 12 May 1937 . He married Ida Butler in 1880 , and they had six children. The Swifts came from an old-established New England family, and claimed descent from the original seventeenth-century colonists on the Mayflower . In 1875 the family moved to Chicago, where Gustavus Swift founded a successful meat-packing business, buying cattle and other...
Swift, Gustavus (1839–1903) Reference library
Paul Street
The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Business, Labor, and Economic History
..., Gustavus ( 1839–1903 ) , meatpacker and corporate innovator. The younger son of a large Cape Cod farm family, Gustavus Franklin Swift rose from a partnership in a Boston wholesale meat market to become a legendary captain of the meatpacking industry in Chicago. The key to Swift's ascendancy was his use of refrigerated railroad cars to ship dressed beef from livestock markets and packing plants in Chicago and other western centers to eastern, urban markets. Employing that technology to integrate the entire production-to-distribution process, Swift...
Armour, Philip Danforth Reference library
Gary Allen
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...complications of keeping refrigerated cars iced. In 1889 Armour was successful in persuading the railroads to ship dressed beef. By the end of his life, in 1901 , more than six thousand refrigerated cars bore the Armour logo. [ See also Canning and Bottling ; Pigs ; Swift, Gustavus Franklin ; Transportation of Food: Railroads .] Bibliography Geib, Paul. E. “ Everything but the Squeal: The Milwaukee Stockyards and Meat-packing Industry .” Wisconsin Magazine of History 78 (1994): 2–23. Leech, Harper , and John Charles Carroll . Armour and His Times ....
Ice Reference library
Virginia Scott Jenkins
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...makers appeared in the 1960s. Nevertheless, commercial ice companies continue to provide ice for the fishing industry, as well as ice cubes for parties and the coolers of campers, sailors, and picnickers. [ See also Freezers and Freezing ; Iceboxes ; Refrigerators ; Swift, Gustavus Franklin ; Transportation of Food .] Bibliography Anderson, Oscar Edward , Jr. Refrigeration in America: A History of a New Technology and Its Impact . 1953. Reprint, Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1972. Funderburg, Ann Cooper . Chocolate, Strawberry, and Vanilla: A...
Butchering Reference library
Kantha Shelke
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...habitat. Being fed on less expensive materials and in close proximity has made them more prone to all sorts of illnesses, and CAFOs are blamed for butchery-related disease outbreaks. [ See also Armour, Philip Danforth ; ConAgra ; Meat ; Pigs ; Sinclair, Upton ; Swift, Gustavus Franklin .] Bibliography Horowitz, Roger . Putting Meat on the American Table: Taste, Technology, Transformation . Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. “ How New York Is Fed .” Scribner's Monthly , October 1877. Reprint, Journal of Gastronomy 4 (Spring 1988):...
Continental Navy Reference library
The Oxford Companion to American Military History
...Capt. Lambert Wickes and Gustavus Conyngham sailed in British home waters, capturing several enemy vessels and generally embarrassing the Royal Navy. The most famous Continental captain to sail these waters, however, was John Paul Jones . Having sailed the Continental sloop of war Ranger to France, Jones lobbied the French for the loan of a large warship. Thanks to help from Benjamin Franklin , the French provided him with an old East Indiaman, Duc de Duras , which he renamed Bon Homme Richard in honor of his friend Franklin. Jones took his ship,...
Hot Dogs Reference library
Bruce Kraig
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...retail stores alone. The hot dog remained an icon of American life as commemorated in the advertising slogan: “Baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet.” [ See also Amusement Parks ; Armour, Philip Danforth ; German American Food ; Oscar Mayer ; Street Vendors ; Swift, Gustavus Franklin .] Bibliography Barnhart, David K. , and Metcalf, Allan A. America in So Many Words: Words That Have Shaped America . Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. Cohen, Gerald , ed. “Compiling Material for a Book on Hot Dog —Part I: Bibliography.” Comments on Etymology 33, no. 3...
Slaughterhouses Reference library
Gary Allen
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...that guided the cattle into position for slaughter. Oddly enough, the industry was slow to adopt her methods, even though the quality of meat obtained from unfrightened animals is better. [ See also Armour, Philip Danforth ; Butchering ; Chicago ; Sinclair, Upton ; Swift, Gustavus Franklin ; Transportation of Food .] Bibliography Allen, Gary . “Upton Sinclair.” In Culinary Biographies , edited by Alice Arndt , pp. 346–348. Houston, Tex.: Yes Press, 2006. Brantz, Dorothee . “Recollecting the Slaughterhouse.” Cabinet 4 (Fall 2001). ...
Transportation of Food Reference library
Corinna Hawkes, Andrew F. Smith, Andrew F. Smith, Andrew F. Smith, Andrew F. Smith, and Andrew F. Smith
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (2 ed.)
...New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Smith, Andrew F. Starving the South: How the North Won the Civil War . New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011. Stover, John F. American Railroads . 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. Swift, Louis Franklin . The Yankee of the Yards: The Biography of Gustavus Franklin Swift . Chicago and New York: A. W. Shaw Co., 1927. U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Food Investigation Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Private Car Lines, June 27, 1919 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1920. Wade, Louise...
