French empire Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...became a protectorate ( 1881 ), and by 1912 Morocco , Madagascar , and French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) had been added to French Equatorial Africa and French West Africa to make the African empire 20 times the size of France itself. Britain frustrated French aspirations in Egypt and the Sudan, and rivalry at Fashoda ( 1898 ) nearly caused war until the Entente Cordiale brought agreement. After World War I Togoland and the Cameroons, former German colonies, became French Mandates, as did Syria and Lebanon ( 1923 ). Defeat in World War II and...
French Empire Quick reference
A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (6 ed.)
...French Empire The French acquisition of overseas territories began in the seventeenth century, though the last continuous period of expansion began with the occupation of Algiers in 1830 . In the following decades, France occupied the rest of Algeria as well as other territories in the Pacific and in Africa (Senegal). France undertook its most ambitious acquisitions after 1870 , when it added Madagascar and Indochina to its Empire. By 1914 , the colonies made up 95 per cent of French territory, and 54 per cent of her population. The Empire expanded even...
French Empire Reference library
Henk L. WESSELING
Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2 ed.)
...claims to India. This largely put an end to the first French colonial empire. What remained, however, was the French West Indies (French Antilles), which became very important in the eighteenth century. The pearl of the French West Indies was Saint Domingue—the French, western part of the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The basis of the French West Indies’ prosperity was sugar and coffee, grown on the islands, which only French companies were allowed to trade. The French West Indies, which produced half the world’s sugar and...
French Second Empire style Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture (4 ed.)
... Second Empire style Eclectic mixture of Baroque , Empire , François I er , Louis Quatorze , Louis Seize , Neo-Classical , and Renaissance styles prevalent in the France of Emperor Napoléon III ( r....
The French Intervention in Mexico and the Empire of Maximilian and Carlota Reference library
Luz María Hernández-Sáenz
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mexican History and Culture
...houses contemporary newspapers and has published works of Mexican and French participants. There are numerous contemporary works about the French Intervention published in Spanish, English, and French. Their historical interpretation varies depending on each author’s political leanings and opinion of the empire. Among those who witnessed the Second Empire are the republican José María Iglesias and the conservative Francisco de Paula Arrangoiz, who wrote critically about the French Intervention in Mexico, condemning both Napoleon and Maximilian for its...
French empire
French empire: c. 1630 - 1977
...empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa West Africa Europe Empires 1893 1893 France incorporates Laos within French Indochina Indochina World Encyclopedia 1 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Europe Empires 1897 1897 The French exile the queen of Madagascar and claim the island as a French colony French empire A Dictionary of World History 2 19th century Politics Conquest and colonization European empires from 1415 European empires in Africa Africa South Africa Europe Empires...
French Second Empire style
Empire Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...empire, just as the goals of improvement had done much after the *Act of Union to weld Scotland and England into a more effective greater Britain. The need for such informal ties was the stronger because of the lack of a clear institutional mechanism for the conduct of empire. Though the scale of British government had ineluctably expanded in response to the needs of war, the bureaucratic apparatus for dealing with the greatly increased scale of empire occasioned by naval *exploration [37] of the Pacific and military success against the French lagged...
French Family Names Reference library
Simon Lenarčič and Susan Whitebook
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...they were generally Latinized with the ending -acum ‘property of’. The Roman style of personal names, with the forename (Latin praenomen ), the tribal name ( gens ), and the nickname or surname ( cognomen ), came to be abandoned in the north of France as the Germanic tribes overcame the remnants of the empire in the 5th century ad . Thereafter, the Frankish (and general ancient Germanic) style prevailed: a single name, typically composed of two vocabulary elements, one of which was often shared with a parent. Robert ‘renown’ + ‘bright’ is an example of...
Jewish Family Names Reference library
Alexander Beider
Dictionary of American Family Names (2 ed.)
...the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. From the end of the 17th century and over the following 200 years, Italian Jews migrated to the Ottoman Empire in search of better economic opportunities. These westernized Jews, usually protected by Western European consulates, were called “francos” by the native Jews of the empire. Some of these families actually originated in the Ottoman Empire and returned there after a sojourn in Italy. The “francos”— Allatini , Camondo , picciotto , and other families—lived primarily in Smyrna (Izmir), Salonica...
36 The History of the Book in the Balkans Reference library
Ekaterina Rogatchevskaia and Aleksandra B. Vraneš
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...was initiated by K. Velichkov in 1897 . Independence from the Ottoman empire meant the revitalization of publishing and bookselling, and there were 80 independent publishers before World War II. In 1939 , they produced 2,169 titles with a total *press run of 6.4 million copies. 4 Serbia Serbian book culture also developed using the Cyrillic alphabet and was shaped by Orthodox Christianity, although it later experienced Arabic and Turkish influence within the Ottoman empire. The most productive *scriptoria were located in monasteries. One of the...
Slavery Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...of a former but now redundant empire. What had made the West Indies so important—so crucial an element in the eighteenth-century imperial scheme of things—was their centrality in a global economic system. Slavery belonged to that broadly based Atlantic empire which formed the heart of the old imperial system. The ‘triangular trade’ is a crude way of expressing a complex network on which had been created a major trading system linking Britain, Africa, and the Americas. It is clear beyond doubt that the old Atlantic empire, its foundations secured by...
46 The History of the Book in Latin America (including Incas, Aztecs, and the Caribbean) Reference library
Eugenia Roldán Vera
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Spanish empire in the last decades of the 18 th century resulted in an expansion of basic literacy, thus expanding the market for print. Moreover, changes in maritime trade brought about by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars led the Spanish and Portuguese empires to lose some of their monopoly over the Americas. This facilitated the smuggling of French and British books to the colonies, which enlarged the libraries of Spanish-American creole elites and gradually made them more cosmopolitan. 3 Independence and the print revolution The French invasion...
22 The History of the Book in France Reference library
Vincent Giroud
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...Lyons, with 15,000, continued to dominate French printing in the 16 th century, while Rouen established itself as the country’s third printing centre (with Toulouse fourth). The proportion of titles printed in French grew rapidly, the balance relative to Latin tilting towards the vernacular in the 1560s . At the same time, humanism brought to France an unprecedented interest in Greek texts: Gilles de Gourmont printed the first French book in Greek in 1507 , while François I gathered at Fontainebleau the best collection of Greek MSS in western Europe,...
Revolution Reference library
An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age
...A. , Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780–1830 , London, 1989; Brewer, J. , The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State 1688–1783 , London, 1983; Butler, M. , Burke, Paine, Godwin and the Revolution Controversy , Cambridge, 1984; Colley, L. , Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 , New Haven, Conn., 1992; Dickinson, H. T. , British Radicalism and the French Revolution 1785–1815 , Oxford, 1985; Goodwin, A. , The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution , London, 1979; McCalman,...
5 The European Medieval Book Reference library
Christopher de Hamel
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...in 1384 and 1390 . Unlike medieval France and England, Italy was still a mass of small independent principalities, dukedoms, and republics, associated only loosely by proximity to each other and by a similar language. There was none of the centralized administration that helped concentrate the French book trade in Paris, or that of the Holy Roman Empire in Prague and Vienna. Even the papacy was exiled from Rome, and the best-documented trade in MS production for the papal court is at Avignon, in southern France, where the popes lived from 1309 to ...
47 The History of the Book in Canada Reference library
Patricia Lockhart Fleming
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...of New France and a centre for trade, civil administration, and missionary activities. Although several of the governors requested equipment for the production of official documents, their proposals failed, leaving New France without a printing press. Forms and bills of exchange were ordered from France or copied locally; proclamations were published orally and circulated in MS. A Huron *catechism was printed in Rouen in 1630 ; a book of ritual for the diocese of Quebec bore a Paris imprint of 1703 . It was not until after the conquest of New France, when...
30 The History of the Book in Austria Reference library
John L. Flood
The Oxford Companion to the Book
...History of the Book in Austria John L. Flood 1 Introduction 2 Early history 3 Modern times 1 Introduction Given Austria’s linguistic and historical ties with Germany, its book culture has inevitably been strongly influenced by its neighbour ( see 24 ). Part of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806 , Austria was for centuries dominated by the Habsburgs, who ruled until 1918 . Under this dynasty, Bohemia and Hungary were united with Austria in 1526 . In 1867 the double monarchy of Austria-Hungary was created, whose multi-ethnic population (51 million in ...
Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period Reference library
Mary Joan Winn Leith
Oxford History of the Biblical World
...study. Briant, Pierre . Darius, les Perses et l'empire. Découvertes Gallimard, 159. Paris: Gallimard, 1992. A tiny paperback by a renowned French scholar, which contains the best illustrations of any book on the Persian period, almost all in sumptuous color. ——. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998. An impressive new two-volume history. Cook, J. M. The Persian Empire. New York: Schocken, 1983. Basic and engagingly written history. ...
