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Etruscans Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome
...and economic assault on the foundations of Etruscan society, although this interpretation is belied by the wealth and splendor of the burials of the Etruscan elite. In the Etrusco-Roman period (third to first centuries bce ), roughly the equivalent of the Hellenistic period in the eastern Mediterranean, the same forces of political instability continued to shape the course of Etruscan history, with the conquest and assimilation of Etruscan city-states at the hands of Rome. Etruscan Society and Religion. Etruscan culture was regional in nature, and there are...
Etruscans Reference library
Jeremy Paterson
The Oxford Companion to Wine (4 ed.)
... . The origins of viticulture in tuscany are as problematic as the origins of the Etruscan peoples who flourished in central north Italy from the 8th century bc until being absorbed by the Romans from the 3rd century onwards. However, at its height, Etruscan society was heavily influenced by the culture of the Greek colonies of southern Italy. They imported fine Greek pottery for use in the symposium and made their own copies. The dinner and drinking party was a favourite theme in the lavish paintings which adorned their tombs. Indeed, the ...
Etruscans Reference library
David William Robertson Ridgway
The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.)
...World of the Early Etruscans (2002); G. Colonna, Italia ante Romanum imperium 1–4 [collected papers 1958–1998] (2005); N. T. de Grummond, Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend (2006). Art and Artefacts J. D. Beazley , Etruscan Vase painting (1947); T. B. Rasmussen, Bucchero Pottery from Southern Etruria (1979); Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum (1981– ); N. T. de Grummond (ed.), A Guide to Etruscan Mirrors (1982); E. H. Richardson, Etruscan Votive Bronzes (1983); S. Haynes, Etruscan Bronzes (1985); S. Steingräber, Etruscan Painting (1986;...
Etruscans Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.)
...Chimaera of Arretium (Arezzo) are both Etruscan bronzes. The Etruscans were celebrated in antiquity for the way in which every aspect of their public and private life was regulated by a code of religious practice, the so-called Etrusca disciplina (‘Etruscan system’). They were particularly famed for their skill in augury based on scrutiny of the entrails, especially the liver, of sacrificial animals ( see haruspices ). In this as in art, architecture, and engineering, Rome was deeply indebted to Etruria. No Etruscan literature has survived, but there exist...
Etruscans ([CP]) Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology (3 ed.)
...gold, copper and iron, and this led to a strong and influential craft base. The Etruscan language still causes problems because, although it is written in an eastern Greek alphabet, many aspects of its syntax and vocabulary are uncertain. But the Etruscans were under constant pressure from communities to the north, and increasingly from Rome in the south. Between the 4th and 2nd centuries Rome conquered all of Etruria, but, despite their political extinction, the Etruscans contributed much to Roman civilization in such matters as infrastructure, political...
Etruscans Quick reference
A Dictionary of World History (3 ed.)
...century their navy was defeated off Cumae. Traditionally, in 510 bc the last Etruscan king of Rome, Tarquin , was expelled. In the 4th century they were driven out of Elba and Corsica, defeated by the Gauls in 390, and finally allied themselves with Rome after defeat in 283. From this time they came under Rome’s control and began to lose their unique cultural identity. Etruscan art reveals an aristocratic society in which women enjoyed an emancipated style of life. The Etruscan language has so far proved beyond translation; it was still spoken and written...
Etruscans Reference library
David William Robertson Ridgway
The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization (2 ed.)
...of the 8th and 7th cents. at the mainstream Villanovan–Etruscan centres was accompanied by major developments both in society and in artistic production. The praenomen–nomen combination, a clear sign of proto-urban organization, is attested epigraphically from the beginning of the 7th cent., as are recognizably local schools of fine painted pottery, soon joined by bucchero (the only exclusively Etruscan product), bronze-work, and jewellery—categories in which the contributions of native Etruscan and expatriate Greek and Levantine specialists and...
Etruscans Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
...on this episode, to the effect that the Etruscans paid more attention than any other people to religious considerations, is one of the few positive statements about the Etruscans in the ancient sources: no Etruscan literature has survived, and Greek and Roman authors were far from objective observers of such matters as commercial rivalry (which they defined as piracy) and social customs (notably those concerning the position of women) that were not those of Greece or Rome. See etruscan language ; religion, etruscan...
Etruscans
Etruscan Quick reference
World Encyclopedia
... Inhabitant of ancient Etruria (Tuscany and Umbria), Italy. They organized their sophisticated society into city-states. Etruscan civilization reached its peak in the 6th century bc - their wealth and power based primarily on skill at ironworking and control of the iron trade. The Etruscan ‘cult of the dead’ led them to produce elaborate tombs. From the 5th to the 3rd century bc they were gradually overrun by neighbouring peoples, particularly the...
Etruscan Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics (3 ed.)
... Ancient language in an area of Italy to the north of Rome, attested by inscriptions from around 700 bc , until extinguished by Latin. Not genetically related to any language any better documented; hence only partly and insecurely understood. Written in an alphabet derived from that of Greek and itself one source of the...
Etruscan Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Classical Art and Architecture
... (Rome, 1986) L. Bonfante : Etruscan (Berkeley, 1990) N. Spivey and S. Stoddart : Etruscan Italy: An Archaeological History (London, 1990) M. Cristofani , ed.: Gli Etruschi: Una nuova immagine (Florence, 2/1993) R. D. De Puma and J. P. Small : Murlo and the Etruscans: Art and Society in Ancient Etruria (Madison, WI, 1994) S. Haynes : Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History (Los Angeles, 2000) M. Torelli : The Etruscans (New York, 2001) P. Bernardini and G. Camporeale : The Etruscans outside Etruria (Los Angeles,...
Etruscan calf Reference library
The Oxford Companion to the Book
... calf English bookbinding style of the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries, using stained or marbled *leather and neo-classical decorative...
Etruscan Culture Reference library
Larissa Bonfante
The Oxford Companion To Archaeology (2 ed.)
... Tom Rasmussen . The Etruscans , 1998. Bonfante, Giuliano , and Larissa Bonfante . The Etruscan Language: An Introduction , 2d ed., 2002. Bonfante, Larissa , ed. Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies , 1986. Brendel, Otto J. Etruscan Art , 2d ed., 1995. Haynes, Sybille . Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History , 2000. Pallottino, Massimo . The Etruscans . Translated by J. Cremona. Rev. and enlarged ed., 1975. Ridgway, David . The First Western Greeks , 1992. Torelli, Mario , ed. The Etruscans , 2000. Larissa...
Etruscan language Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
...Lydian claim reported by Herodotus that the Etruscans came from Lydia . Our sources for Etruscan are: ( a ) c. 9,000 epigraphic texts, dated c. 700–10 bc ; ( b ) a linen book, two‐thirds of which ( c. 1,500 words) is preserved in the binding of an Egyptian mummy; ( c ) 40–50 glosses, i.e. meanings given for Etruscan words in Latin or Greek texts; ( d ) a series of Etruscan loanwords in Latin and of Latin or Greek loanwords in Etruscan. The number and usefulness of the glosses is limited. The Etruscan–Latin bilingual inscriptions contain almost...
Etruscan mythology Reference library
The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
.... Another important Etruscan goddess was Mernva ( Minerva in Rome). It is significant, given their non–Indo-European background, that the Etruscans, who regarded women and goddesses more highly than did their Indo- European neighbors, replaced the archaic Roman and thoroughly Indo-European triad of Jupiter - Mars - Quirinus with that of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. The new triad was represented on a Capitoline Hill temple, and when the Roman republic replaced the Etruscan kings, the female-dominated triad remained in place. The Etruscans, like the Romans,...
Etruscan style Quick reference
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.)
... style A style of delicate Neoclassical decoration, the main features of which were the use of contrasting colours of black, white, and terracotta, based on the murals and vase paintings found at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Rome in the 18th century. These were believed to date from around the 9th century bc and to derive from the Etruscans, who at that time were considered as the forerunners of the Romans. It is now known that these works were either provincial Greek or Roman. The Etruscan style was found in French furniture design and elsewhere on the...
Etruscan architecture Reference library
Patrick Goode
The Oxford Companion to Architecture
... architecture If the evidence is interpreted rigorously, little can be said with certainty about the character or development of Etruscan architecture . The evidence from excavated tombs shows what the Etruscans could do in terms of structure and ornament, but it cannot, strictly speaking, demonstrate what they did do above ground, and, given that tombs were excavated out of the tufa, it may not be easy to assess the Etruscans’ knowledge of structures. Only on the basis of a rather imaginative interpretation can the chapter in Vitruvius (IV.vii,...
Etruscan architecture Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture (4 ed.)
... architecture Surviving buildings of ancient Etruria (now approximating to Tuscany and part of central Italy) are not numerous, but Etruscan design is important for the part it played in the evolution of Roman architecture . Structures were mostly of wood, clay, rubble , and terracotta , stone being reserved for temple-bases , fortifications, and tombs. The finest surviving Etruscan architecture consists of city-walls and rock-cut tombs (of which the best examples (C6 to C4 bc ) are at Cervéteri, Chiusi, Corneto Tarquinia, and Perugia): a few...
religion, Etruscan Quick reference
The Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World
...Etruscan Our information comes from archaeological evidence (reliefs, tomb paintings, statues, mirrors, altars, temples, funerary urns) and Etruscan inscriptions, esp. the ‘liturgical’ texts. Roman scholars produced at the end of the republic antiquarian treatises containing translations from Etruscan ritual books. The surviving fragments often show a curious mixture of Etruscan, Egyptian, and Chaldaean tenets. Of extant authors esp. important is Cicero . Etruscan religion, unlike Greek and Roman, was a revealed religion. The revelation was ascribed to...
