Estrada doctrine Quick reference
A Dictionary of Law (9 ed.)
...Estrada doctrine The doctrine that recognition of a government should be based on its de facto existence, rather than on its legitimacy. It is named after Don Genero Estrada , the Mexican Secretary of Foreign Affairs who in 1930 ordered that Mexican diplomats should issue no declarations that amounted to a grant of recognition: he felt that this was an insulting practice and offended against the sovereignty of other nations. In 1980 the UK, USA, and many other states adopted the Estrada doctrine. Compare Tobar doctrine...
Estrada Doctrine Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
... Doctrine A doctrine of recognition of governments declared by Don Genaro Estrada , Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, and published on 27 September 1930 . According to the doctrine, recognition ‘which allows foreign governments to pass upon the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the régime existing in another country … is an insulting practice and … offends the sovereignty of other nations’. Estrada instructed Mexican diplomats to issue ‘no declarations in the sense of grants of recognition’. For text of the Estrada Doctrine in English, see 25...
Estrada Doctrine
Tobar doctrine
executive certificate
modes of recognition
recognition
Tobar doctrine Quick reference
A Dictionary of Law (9 ed.)
...World War II, the USA and many other states have favoured the more pragmatic Estrada doctrine...
Tobar doctrine Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
...have not constitutionally reorganized the country’: art. II of the 1923 Treaty. Costa Rica and El Salvador denounced the 1923 Treaty in 1932 and 1933 , respectively. The doctrine for a time affected the practice of the five Central American Republics, and the United States: see McMahon , Recent Changes in the Recognition Policy of the U.S. ( 1933 ). See also Estrada Doctrine...
executive certificate Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
...tendered. But the ‘certificate’, as thus broadly understood, has been employed with reference to the following types of questions: (1) whether a foreign State has been recognized by the Crown or a foreign government recognized either de jure or de facto (but cf. now Estrada Doctrine ), (2) whether a particular territory is under the sovereignty of one foreign State or another, (3) as to the status of a foreign government or State as sovereign or otherwise, (4) as to the status of property the subject-matter of claims by foreign States or...
recognition ((in international law)) Quick reference
A Dictionary of Law (9 ed.)
...The significance of the distinction (which is of little legal consequence) therefore depends on the intention of the recognizing government. Recognition may be express or implied (for example, by entering into diplomatic relations with a new government). See also Estrada doctrine ; Tobar doctrine . For purposes of English municipal law, the question of whether or not a state is recognized is sometimes relevant. Thus: (1) only a recognized state is entitled to sovereign immunity from jurisdiction; (2) an unrecognized state cannot sue in English courts; and...
recognition, modes of Reference library
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (3 ed.)
...has been to de-emphasize and avoid the use of recognition in cases of changes of governments and to concern ourselves with the question of whether we wish to have diplomatic relations with the new governments’: 77 State Dept. Bull. 462 ( 1977 ) . See also Estrada Doctrine ; Tobar doctrine . (3) Collective recognition. Though normally recognition of a new State or government is, expressly or by implication, the individual act of the government of another State, instances of collective recognition, by treaty or express declaration, are numerous, as...
Central American-American Feminisms Reference library
Yajaira M. Padilla
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latina and Latino Literature
...Prudencia Ayala, and Leticia Hernández-Linares in Conversation.” In U.S. Central Americans: Reconstructing Memories, Struggles, and Communities of Resistance , edited by Karina O. Alvarado , Alicia Ivonne Estrada , and Ester E. Hernández , 98–121. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2017. Alvarado, Karina O. , Alicia Ivonne Estrada , and Ester E. Hernández , eds. U.S. Central Americans: Reconstructing Memories, Struggles, and Communities of Resistance . Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Garcia-Rojas, Claudia . “(Un)Disciplined futures:...
Méndez v. Westminster Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States
...of Mexican descent. Méndez refused to enroll his children into the segregated Hoover School, and after numerous failed attempts at reconciliation with the school district, he decided to gather support and pursue legal remedies. Méndez, William Guzman , Frank Palomino , Thomas Estrada , and Lorenzo Ramirez , with the support of the League of Latin American Citizens ( LULAC ), sued four local Orange County school districts, Westminster, Santa Ana, Garden Grove, and El Modena, for segregating their children, thereby denying them equal protection under the...
Méndez v. Westminster Reference library
Tanya Katerí Hernández
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in Contemporary Politics, Law, and Social Movements
...of Mexican descent. Méndez refused to enroll his children into the segregated Hoover School, and after numerous failed attempts at reconciliation with the school district, he decided to gather support and pursue legal remedies. Méndez, William Guzman, Frank Palomino, Thomas Estrada, and Lorenzo Ramirez, with the support of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), sued four local Orange County school districts, Westminster, Santa Ana, Garden Grove, and El Modena, for segregating their children, thereby denying them equal protection under the...
Q'eqchi' Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
...Salvador, 1979. Most comprehensive overview of Q'eqchi' cosmology. Carter, William E. New Lands and Old Traditions: Kekchi Cultivators in the Guatemalan Lowlands . Gainesville, Fla., 1969. Study of agricultural knowledge and practices among highland settlers in the lowlands. Estrada Munroy, Agustín . El mundo k'ekchi' de la Vera-Paz . Guatemala, 1979. Traces various sources on the colonial history of the Q'eqchi'. King, Arden . Cobán and the Verapaz: History and Culture Process in Northern Guatemala . Middle American Research Institute, Publication 37. New...
Chávez, César (1927–1993) – and the United Farm Workers Reference library
The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature
...César (1927–1993) – and the United Farm Workers César Estrada Chávez initiated a dynamic process of labor strikes, demonstrations, and boycott strategies that intertwined religious traditions, civil rights, and environmental justice. His lifelong efforts to address injustices against Mexicano farm workers centered on his founding the first successful farm workers' union in U.S. history: the United Farm Workers Association, known today as the United Farm Workers Union, AFL-CIO. From his upbringing as a migrant farm worker, Chávez observed labor...
Sousa, João da Cruz e (1861–1898) Reference library
Maria José Barbosa
Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
..., and Cidade do Rio ). He established permanent residence in Rio de Janeiro, capital of the young Brazilian Republic, in 1890 and, a year later, met Gavita Rosa Gonçalves, an educated, freed woman ( liberta ). They married in 1893 , and Cruz e Sousa secured a job with the Estrada de Ferro Central do Brasil, a major railway company, as a filing clerk. His life had become increasingly difficult by 1897 : two of his four children had died of tuberculosis; he suffered from the same debilitating disease, endured his wife’s temporary mental illness, and lived...
Portuguese-speaking African theatre Reference library
The Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre
... agitprop theatre became the vogue, giving birth to new plays such as Un minuto de silencio (‘One minute of silence’) and Na machamb de Maria – sabado as tres de tarde (‘On Maria's small farm – Saturday afternoon, three o'clock’, 1975 ) by Orlando Mendes , and A estrada (‘The road’, 1979 ) by Leite Vasconcelos . Others are O destino: inimigo do povo (‘Destiny: an enemy of the people’) by a workers' collective and A Communa (‘The commune’, 1979 ) by the railway workers and the students of Eduardo Mondlane University. Theatre projects...
Energy Regulation Reference library
Lynne Kiesling
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History
...except for the United States and Russia and other Caspian countries. Before 1955 natural gas represented less than 1 percent of total energy consumption in western Europe, largely owing to high transportation costs and the capital requirements of pipeline construction ( Estrada et al., 1988, p. 9 ). U.S. federal regulatory involvement in the natural gas industry began with the Natural Gas Act of 1938 , after the states unsuccessfully attempted to regulate interstate pipelines in violation of the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution. Federal...
