Ernest of Bavaria (1554–1612) Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
... of Bavaria ( 1554–1612 ), third son of Albert V , head of the Wittelsbach family, and of Anne of Austria, granddaughter of the emperor Ferdinand and great-niece of Charles V . He was born 17 December 1554 . Catholics and Protestants were then competing for power in the empire, and Albert V was a chief supporter of the papacy; as a result, and despite the decrees of the Council of Trent against the accumulation of ecclesiastical benefices, he was granted the episcopal seats that he claimed for his younger children. Ernest thus became bishop of...
Ernest of Bavaria
Mark and Duchy of Austria
House of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Hanover, Kingdom of Reference library
Torsten Riotte
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World
...Saxony, Bavaria, and Württemberg) that, along with Austria, were the largest and most influential states within the German Confederation. Because George III of Great Britain was incapacitated, the prince regent was de facto the first king of Hanover; but the history of the ruling dynasty, the house of Guelph, goes back to the Middle Ages, when Henry the Lion ( c. 1130–1195 ) formed the beginnings of a unified Saxon territory. In 1692 , Hanover was raised to the status of electorate, and the marriage of its first elector, Ernest Augustus , to Sophia...
Nas, Johannes (1534–1590) Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
...Brixen . X. Programm des K. K. Gymnasiums zu Bozen. Bozen, 1860. Comprehensive biography of Nas with brief analyses of his works and his relationships to contemporaries. Complete list of published works. Walker, Richard Ernest . The Corpus Christi Sermons of Johannes Nas, 1534–1590 . Göppingen, 1988. Only modern collection of Nas's sermons; comprehensive commentary on people, events, controversial concepts, and texts alluded to or cited in the sermons. Richard Ernest...
Ockhamism Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
...remained an “inceptor” because in 1324 the chancellor of Oxford, John Luttrell , delated him to the papal court at Avignon on suspicion of heresy. While a commission was examining his theology, Ockham aligned himself with the Franciscan “Spirituals” who opposed Pope John XXII in the name of apostolic poverty. Before the resolution of his own case, Ockham slipped away from Avignon with Michael Cesena , minister general of the Franciscans, and two others, to take refuge with Louis IV of Bavaria. Excommunicated owing to his flight, Ockham seems to have...
Thirty Years War (1618–48) Reference library
Spencer Weinreich
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...by the armies of the Catholic League under the imperial general Tilly and Maximilian of Bavaria. Frederick was put to the ban of the empire, Maximilian conquered the upper palatinate, and this stage of the war ended with the capture of the Calvinist stronghold of Heidelberg (1622) and the restoration of Catholicism in the conquered territories. War broke out anew in 1623. Shifting to Lower Saxony, it was conducted with Dutch and English support, with Wallenstein as the chief leader on the imperial side. After his victory, in 1626, over Ernest of Mansfeld, and...
Rienzo, Cola di (1313–54) Reference library
Matthew Mills
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4 ed.)
...issued a revolutionary proclamation that the sovereignty of the world had returned to the Roman people. This was followed a fortnight later by his spectacular coronation as tribune, a further proclamation, and a series of decrees. In his summons to Charles of Bohemia, Louis of Bavaria, and the electors of the Holy Roman Empire to appear before him the following Pentecost , he challenged the election of Charles IV (which had been engineered by Clement VI) and the papal right to confirm imperial elections. The Roman people soon perceived that Cola was no longer...
Welf Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
...] , House of German dynasty of rulers, patrons and collectors. The first notable patron of the Welf dynasty was (1) Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria ( reg 1142–80 ), who initiated an extensive building programme in Brunswick in the mid-12th century. Although deprived of his duchies in 1180 (due to conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor), he retained control of the Welf family lands of Brunswick and Lüneburg. In 1209 his second son became Holy Roman Emperor as Otto IV ( c. 1174–1218 ), the only member of the Welf family to...
Huber, Wolfgang (c.1485) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...stand on their own alongside the more or less contemporaneous attempts of Altdorfer. Huber's groups of figures were, however, influenced by Albrecht Dürer's woodcuts of the Life of the Virgin ( 1511 ), but he succeeded in imbuing them with a unique mood of contemplation. 2. Later work, after 1521. Huber's next masterpiece, the result of a commission from the administrator of the bishopric of Passau, Duke Ernest of Bavaria ( 1517–40 ), opened a new chapter in his art. The Raising of the Cross ( c. 1522–4 ; Vienna, Ksthist. Mus.) is complicated in...
Veen [Vaenius; Venius], Otto van (c.1556) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...to Liège, where, probably in the early 1580s, he became court painter to Ernest of Bavaria ( d 1612 ), who became Prince-Bishop of Liège in 1581 and Elector of Cologne in 1583 . A visit to Leiden in 1583–4 is attested by several dated entries—one by the Classical scholar Justus Lipsius ( 1547–1606 )—in van Veen's Liber Amicorum (Brussels, Bib. Royale Albert 1er) and by his portrait of the Van Veen Family (Paris, Louvre; see fig.), also dated 1584 . Otto van Veen: Van Veen Family , oil on panel, 1.76×2.50 m, 1584 (Paris, Musée du Louvre); photo...
Tascher de La Pagerie, Joséphine (1763–1814) Reference library
Nancy Fitch
Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography
...Hortense queen of Holland ( 1806 ). Eugène became Bonaparte’s most trusted associate, faithful to him even after his final defeat. Napoléon named him prince of France and viceroy of Italy, and arranged a marriage for him with Augusta Amalia, the daughter of the king of Bavaria ( 1806 ). Napoléon also relied on Joséphine to ease diplomatic relationships with those he conquered, as she was much more comfortable and effective in the aristocratic milieu of his foes. She helped him become first consul ( 9–10 November 1799 ) and then emperor of the French ( 2...
Bohemia Reference library
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation
...forces of international Counter-Reformation, directed by his blood relations in Spain and Bavaria, conspired to undermine them. The Jesuits built on their Prague bridgehead and founded a full-fledged Moravian university at Olomouc in 1579 ; other limbs of the Catholic body spiritual in Bohemia began to show signs of revival. Moreover, the various Protestant churches still went their separate ways, and those ways led them ever more inextricably into the great political contest of the late sixteenth century between estates and their rulers. Tension mounted...
artists, military Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Military History
... Battle of Anghiari fresco ( 1503–6 ) was altogether more heroic in action terms. Both works (now destroyed) were hugely influential and far superior to the cluttered, undynamic, and badly proportioned battle scenes by Giorgio Vasari ( 1511–74 ) and others, which replaced them in the Sala del Cinquento in Florence. In the north, Albrecht Altdorfer's ( c. 1480–1538 ) Battle of Alexander ( 1529 ) was part of a series of famous battle scenes from antiquity. Commissioned by Duke William IV of Bavaria, it depicts Alexander the Great's defeat of Darius at...
Austria, Federal Republic of Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
...and the famous war of the cats and mice, rooted in Byzantine legend. The paintings’ style is linked with that of Salzburg book illumination, which also influenced the half-length pictures of the Fathers of the Church and saints (mid-12th century) in the church of the Benedictine abbey at Nonnberg in Salzburg. The most important cycle of wall paintings in Lower Austria is in the chapel of Burg Ottenstein, near Zwettl: The Passion ( c. 1170–80) indicates the influence not only of Salzburg but also of Frauenchiemsee in Bavaria and of Pürgg. Although there...
Nationalism Reference library
Benedict R. O’Gorman Anderson
The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
...and preserving widely divergent cultures and historical traditions. Close ties of royal kinship made it possible for Hohenzollerns to rule in Prussia and Romania and Wittelsbachs in Bavaria and Greece; Queen Victoria was related to every significant royal house in Europe. Yet, at the same time, the long decline of Latin as the trans-European language of civilization had brought all monarchies to adopt one or another vernacular—English, Castilian, German—as a unifying language of administration and power. Under these circumstances, language came to serve in...
Nationalism Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...in Bavaria and Greece; Queen Victoria was related to every significant royal house in Europe. Yet, at the same time, the long decline of Latin as the trans-European language of civilization had brought all monarchies to adopt one or other vernacular—English, Castilian, German—as a unifying language of administration and power. Under these circumstances, language came to serve in Europe, in the manner the Atlantic had earlier done for the Americas, as a profoundly peripheralizing force. Intensifying this force were three intertwined agencies of change....
Nationalism Reference library
Benedict R. O’Gorman Anderson
The Oxford Companion to International Relations
...and preserving widely divergent cultures and historical traditions. Close ties of royal kinship made it possible for Hohenzollerns to rule in Prussia and Romania and Wittelsbachs in Bavaria and Greece; Queen Victoria was related to every significant royal house in Europe. Yet, at the same time, the long decline of Latin as the trans-European language of civilization had brought all monarchies to adopt one or another vernacular—English, Castilian, German—as a unifying language of administration and power. Under these circumstances, language came to serve in Europe...
social history of medicine Reference library
The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
...A great deal of it must have been extensively supplemented by other, presumably oral, instruction to have had value. Much information on training, however, is lacking. Not even the thousand or so pages of medical writing surviving in OE can be related to actual practice. Narrative evidence presents other problems, for we do not know how to extrapolate from it. Consider one possibly apocryphal example. Just before 1000 , one of the most famous physicians in Europe was Notker Physicus , a monk of *St Gall . The duke of *Bavaria knew of his reputation...
