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Duverger’s law Quick reference
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...’s law In Political Parties (English edition 1954 ), the French political scientist Maurice Duverger ( 1917–2014 ) proposed a law and a hypothesis about the relationship between the number of parties in a country and its electoral system. The law was that ‘the simple majority, single ballot system favours the two‐party system’; the hypothesis was that ‘both the simple‐majority system with second ballot and proportional representation favour multi‐partism’. The division of these two statements into one law and one hypothesis is due to Riker , who...
Duverger's law
tactical voting
multiparty system
electoral system
multiparty system Quick reference
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...system Regime where more than two political parties are in serious contention for power, alone or in coalition. Multiparty systems usually coexist with proportional representation ( PR ) ( see Duverger’s law ), but the association is not unbreakable. For instance, Germany and Ireland have PR but relatively few parties; while Canada has had numerous parties contending for power, though usually only two or at most three in any one district, thanks to the effect of the electoral system. The pattern of political cleavage is more fundamental than PR...
proportional representation Quick reference
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
... Duverger’s law posits an association between first-past-the-post and two‐party systems and one between PR and multi‐party systems. The second association is weaker than the first. However, most argument on the merits of PR assumes that it is true. Opponents of PR then say that PR leads to instability and irresponsible government; its supporters argue that the alternatives are unfair. Thus there is usually no meeting of minds. Constructive argument about the desirability of PR in any one case ought to concentrate on whether the second part of Duverger’s law...
party system Quick reference
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...system Tautologically, the set of all the significant parties in a country, their interactions, and (sometimes) the electoral system and voter loyalties that produce it. Divided by some into ‘ one‐party systems ’, ‘two‐party systems’, and ‘multi‐party systems’ ( see also Duverger’s law ); others doubt the analytical usefulness of the distinction. In the introduction to their influential Party Systems and Voter Alignments ( 1967 ), S. M. Lipset and S. Rokkan argue that party systems in Western democracies typically ‘froze’ the pattern of cleavages ...
tactical voting Quick reference
Stephen Fisher
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...classic example involves a supporter of a party placed third or lower in the constituency choosing to vote for one of the front-runners because they are wary of ‘wasting’ their vote. The wasted-vote logic is sometimes referred to as ‘Duverger’s psychological effect’ and is one of the factors that is thought to drive Duverger’s law . Formal rational choice theory shows us that it is not necessarily utility-maximizing to desert third or lower placed parties. Someone indifferent between the two front-runners will have little incentive to vote tactically for...
electoral system Quick reference
A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics and International Relations (4 ed.)
...systems in the democratic world; they differ widely and there is no agreed criterion whereby one may be judged better than another. Each family of systems has a number of distinctive features. Plurality systems tend to concentrate the vote on the two leading parties ( see Duverger’s law ) except where there are concentrated regional parties. Majoritarian systems are appropriate for presidential elections, since there is only one president who ought to have majority support at least against the last rival left in the field; therefore systems such as ...
Agent-Based Modeling in Political Decision Making Reference library
Lin Qiu and Riyang Phang
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Political Decision Making
...paradox and providing researchers with important insights into the voting process. What Is the Basis of Party Formation? Duverger’s law ( 1959 ) posits that a two-party system will emerge in a single-member plurality system, while a multiparty system will likely emerge under a proportional representation system. Clough ( 2007a , 2007b ) adopted Cox’s ( 1997 ) model of strategic voting to examine the boundary conditions of Duverger’s law. In the simulation, all voters are assigned ideologies represented by positions on a scalar from 0 to 100 for each issue....
Third Parties Reference library
Paul Allen Beck
The Oxford Companion to American Politics
...such a large and diverse nation, why has the American electoral arena been so dominated by only two parties, especially in recent decades? The principal reason most scholars cite is Duverger’s Law: Single-member districts with plurality elections, where the first-place candidate can win without a majority of votes, produce two-party systems. From time to time exceptions to this law appear, when a third-party nationally becomes the second party in district elections, but the fact that Chhibber and Kollman ’s ( 2004 ) effective number of congressional district...
Politician–Public Group Dynamics Reference library
João R. Caetano and Alexandra F. Martins
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Intergroup Communication
...to be members of governments or to give advice to politicians. That was the case for Maurice Duverger ( 1917–2014 ), a leading French lawyer and political scientist, who served in his country’s government and later as a member of the European Parliament. In 1951 , Duverger published a major work called Les Partis Politiques (translated into English in 1954 under the title Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State ; Duverger, 1972 ), in which, in line with Michels, he studied the relations between party leaders and...
Strategic Voting Versus Sincere Voting Reference library
Damien Bol and Tom Verthé
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Political Decision Making
... Voting experiments (pp. 237–254). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. Ferejohn, J. A. , & Fiorina, M. P. (1974). The paradox of not voting: A decision theoretic analysis. American Political Science Review , 68 (2), 525–536. Fey, M. (1997). Stability and coordination in Duverger’s law: A formal model of preelection polls and strategic voting. American Political Science Review , 91 (1), 135–147. Fisher, S. D. (2004). Definition and measurement of tactical voting: The role of rational choice. British Journal of Political Science , 34 (1), 152–166. Fredèn...
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Meit [Meijt; Meyt], Conrat (fl c.1506–50) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...carvings possess the dignity of Classical art, their delicacy of detail, for example the elaborate coiffure of the Judith , is more Netherlandish in character. G. Troescher : Conrat Meit von Worms: Ein rheinischer Bildhauer der Renaissance (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1927) J. Duverger : ‘ Conrat Meijt ’, Bull. Cl. B.-A., Acad. Royale Sci., Lett. & B.-A. Belgique , n. s. 4, v (1934) J. Borchgrave d’Altena : ‘ A propos d ’, Rev. Belge Archéol. & Hist. A ., xxiii (1954), pp. 225–8 G. von der Osten and H. Vey : Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the...
Political Parties and Party Competition Reference library
The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World (2 ed.)
...system is likely to evolve. Where the districts are larger and multimember, with each party represented according to its strength (the system known as proportional representation), smaller parties are motivated to keep contesting, and a multiparty system is more likely (Duverger, 1959). Single-member districts with runoff elections, as in France, fall in between: the supporters of the smaller parties can use the electoral process and the bargaining power of their votes on the second round to win important concessions, but the control of public office...
Elections and Electoral Behavior Reference library
Scott D. McClurg and Matthew L. Bergbower
The Oxford Companion to American Politics
...College. Also of note are the rules for determining winners of legislative elections. The United States has winner-take-all single-member districts in legislative elections, meaning only one candidate can win per legislative district or state. As first discussed by Maurice Duverger, these rules are key for explaining the structure of competition in elections. In the United States , unlike in a proportional representation system, the only parties that get any representation are those that win a plurality of the vote. Consequently, groups that might form...
Party Systems in Africa Reference library
Matthias Basedau
The Oxford Encyclopedia of African Politics
...such decrees have influenced the formation of the party systems, as a number of loopholes persist ( Bogaards et al., 2014 ; Wahman, 2015 ). The more classical institution-based explanations refer to electoral systems for parliamentary elections. According to Maurice Duverger’s laws ( Duverger, 1954 ), by and large, majoritarian electoral systems tend to reduce the number of political parties while electoral systems based on the principle of proportional representation (PR) allow for a larger number of political parties to be represented in national...
Central and Eastern European Public Administration Reference library
Stanisław Mazur
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Public Administration
... Dostal, V. , Győri, L. , Meseznikov, G. , Przybylski, W. , & Zgut, E. (Eds.). (2018). Illiberalism in the V4: Pressure points and bright spots . Political Capital and Friedrich Naumann Stiftung. Duverger, M. (1980). A new political system: Semi-presidential government. European Journal of Political Research , 8 (2), 165–187. Duverger, M. (1992). Régime semi-présidentiel [Semi-presidential system]. In O. Duhamel & Y. Mény (Eds.), Dictionnaire constitutionnel (pp. 901–904). Presses Universitaire de France. Dyson, K. H. F. (1980). The...
Vos, Marten (1532) Reference library
The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
...Rijksmus.). Hollstein : Dut. & Flem. A. von Bartsch : Le Peintre-graveur (1803–21) [ b .] A. Reinsch : Die Zeichnungen des Marten de Vos (diss., Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-U., 1967) R.-A. d’Hulst : ‘ Over enkele tekeningen van Maarten de Vos ’, Miscellanea Jozef Duverger , ii (Ghent, 1968), pp. 505–18 H. Mielke : ‘ Antwerpener Graphik in der 2. Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts: Der Thesaurus veteris et novi testamenti des Gerard de Jode (1585) und seine Künstler ’, Z. Kstgesch. , xxxviii (1975), pp. 29–83 M. M. L. Netto-Bol : The So-called...
